Western Kingdoms, Byzantium, and the Sassanid Empire ca. 600The Arabian Peninsula (Early 7th Century A.D.).The Kaaba in Mecca, modern view of the Islamic holy site and pilgrimage destination.Lecture 14: The Emergence of Islam and the Muslim World 1. The Context for the Rise of Islam A. Social and Geographical Context of Arabia B. Religious Pluralism in the Near East 2. The Prophet and the Faith A. Muhammad and Early Islam B. The Religion of Islam and its Doctrines 3. Islamic Expansion and the First Caliphates A. The First Century of Expansion B. Leadership and Succession After Muhammad C. The Umayyad Caliphate, 661-762Life of Muhammad (b. 570/571 – 632) ca. 595, marries wealthy widow Khadija 610, begins to have visions from the One God, Allah, which he recites to his followers. 622, forced to leave Mecca with his companions, travel to medina = journey called the Hijra (622, begins the Islamic calendar year). 624, Muhammad and followers push south, fight the battle of Badr. 630, Muhammad returns to Mecca and retakes the city and dedicates the Ka’ba (holy shrine) to Islam. 632, death of Muhammad, but his followers now united as a community of believers = an Ummah ******** Qur’an = the word of God, Allah, revealed to Muhammad. Recited first, recorded in writing ca. 660sManuscript Leaf of the Koran, Archaic Kufic script, ca. 8th-9th centuryFive Pillars of Islam slm (Arabic) = to surrender, to trust in the One God, Allah; root of Islam and Muslims 1) Shahadah – profession of faith; profess that “there is one God, Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.” 2) Salat = Pray 5 times a day facing in the direction of Mecca. 3) To make the yearly hajj, a pilgrimage to Mecca, if possible. 4) The tax/donation called the zakat = Alms giving, that is to give to the poor at least 1/40 of personal property. 5) Ramadan = fast during the day for a month, the month in which the battle of Badr had occurred in 624.The Great Mosque at Qayrawan, rebuilt in 862 – open courtyardInterior of the Great Mosque at Cordoba, begun 987The Great Mosque at Damascus, ca. 714-15Detail of the Great Mosque of Damascus, mosaic floral designsArchitecture of a Mosque • All Mosques share the same basic design • - An open courtyard, pillars and a covered space for prayer • -Mihrab – niche marks the wall facing Mecca and towards which one prays • -Minbar – a pulpit where a sermon is preached during the noon prayer on Friday • -Minaret – a tall tower from which the muezzin call the faithful to prayer at the appointed times. • (left) Plan of the mosque at Cordoba, ca. 8th- 10th Centuries.Minaret of the Great Mosque at Samarra, begun 847. Abbasid dynasty moved its capital there in 836.Lecture 14: The Emergence of Islam and the Muslim World 1. The Context for the Rise of Islam A. Social and Geographical Context of Arabia B. Religious Pluralism in the Near East 2. The Prophet and the Faith A. Muhammad and Early Islam B. The Religion of Islam and its Doctrines 3. Islamic Expansion and the First Caliphates A. The First Century of Expansion B. Leadership and Succession After Muhammad C. The Umayyad Caliphate, 661-762Islamic Expansion and the first Caliphates (622-750 A.D.) Jihad = to strive in the way of Allah, to expand the boundaries of the Islamic community.Early Islamic Gold Coin, ca. 750-850 – no figural representations rather passages from the Qur’an in ArabicThe Dome for the Rock, Jerusalem: begun under Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705)The Dome for the Rock, Jerusalem: begun under Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705)Muslim Expansion (622-750