Lecture 18: Medieval Monasticism and the Twelfth-Century Renaissance 1. The Call of the Cloister A. The New Monastic Orders B. Return to the Letter of the Rule C. Appeal of the Monastic Life – solitude and prayer 2. Love of Learning in the 12th Century A. Monastic Study: Reading like monks and nuns B. Reading, Writing, and Translating: Debate and Reconciliation C. Cathedral Schools and New Masters 3. Cathedrals and Churches – praise in stone A. From Romanesque to Gothic B. Humanizing Christ C. New Cult of Mary Conclusion: Renaissance of the Twelfth-Century- a sense of living in a “new age” New Monastic Orders 1) Hermits – Carthusians, ca. 1084 2) New Monks – Cistercians 1098 (Cisterciensis (Latin) = Citeaux) Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) 3) Regular Canons = cathedral canons who lived like monks, communally (ca. 1120 – rule of Augustine) (regula (Latin) = Rule = Regulated life) 4) Knights of the Hospital = Hospitalers Knights Templar = Templars Houses for Women: Paraclete and Fontevrault Monastic Study and Cathedral Schools Lectio divino = divine reading, study of the Bible Three levels of Reading Proof Texts Debate literatureStudio generalis = General Studies – liberal arts Trivium: grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic Quadrivium: music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy Cathedral schools of Laon and Chartres Peter Abelard (ca. 1079-1142) Heloise (ca. 1100-1163) Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) Building in a new style: Romanesque to Gothic Romanesque – rounded arches in the Roman style Gothic – a new ideal of light Features of gothic architecture: Pointed arches Ribbed vaults Flying buttresses Stained glass Begins at Abbey of St. Denis, ca. 1137-1144 Examples: Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral (northern France) New interest in humanizing forms and in naturalism (foliage design) Exterior: function determines the form – “modernist” architecture Interior: form and ideal guide
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