Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) –Pictured at the head of the Papal MonarchyLecture 21: Christendom and its Discontents: Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council 1. Innocent III and the Ideal of Papal Monarchy A. Lothario de Segni or Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) B. Defining Papal Monarchy and its Powers 2. The Fourth Lateran Council and Lay Devotion A. Calling the Council, November 1215 B. Goals and Canons: Transforming Christian Society C. Religion and the Laity: Imitation and Devotion -- Waldes of Lyon: Poverty and Preaching -- Francis of Assisi: Sanctioned Salvation, 1210 3. Lay Devotion and its Discontents A. The Threat of Heresy B. The “cancer” of the Cathar Church in Southern FranceFourth Lateran Council (1215): Goals and Canons Fourth Lateran Council met from 11-30 November 1215 (two weeks only) -- bishops, priests, monks, most powerful lay rulers in attendance -- issued 71 canons or decrees that shaped the medieval Catholic Church Major Reforms: 1. Doctrine of Transubstantiation (defined the sacrament of the Eucharist taken at Mass: decreed that the bread and wine = body and blood of Christ) 2. Condemned the teachings of mystic Joachim of Fiore 3. Defined the duties of secular rulers and bishops to fight heresy 4. Addressed the Jewish populations in Christendom – forced them to wear badges and markers to distinguish them from Christians 5. Decreed annual confession and taking of the Eucharist for all Christians = ritual of belonging in the Catholic Church 6. Renewed the call to Crusade and retake JerusalemHost Mold, ca. 14th century, image of Christ, surrounded by the Apostles The Fourth Lateran Council declared that the body and blood of Christ were transubstantiated in the Eucharist; that is, they were transformed into the actual body and blood of Christ. Veneration of the host followed.Elevation of the Host, from a layfolks’ mass book, ca. 1320 – the priest faced the altar and new altarpieces that began to serve as a focal point for priest and laity alike in their devotions.Fourth Lateran Council (1215): Goals and Canons Fourth Lateran Council met from 11-30 November 1215 (two weeks only) -- bishops, priests, monks, most powerful lay rulers in attendance -- issued 71 canons or decrees that shaped the medieval Catholic Church Major Reforms: 1. Doctrine of Transubstantiation (defined the sacrament of the Eucharist taken at Mass: bread and wine = body and blood of Christ) 2. Condemned the teachings of mystic Joachim of Fiore 3. Defined the duties of secular rulers and bishops to fight heresy 4. Addressed the Jewish populations in Christendom – forced them to wear badges and markers to distinguish them from Christians 5. Decreed annual confession and taking of the Eucharist for all Christians = ritual of belonging in the Catholic Church 6. Renewed the call to Crusade and retake JerusalemReligion and the Laity: Imitation and Devotion Lay Devotion took on a new fervor and definition: Vita Apostolica = Life of the Apostles Imitatio Christi = live in imitation of Christ Waldes of Lyon (1140-1217) – renounced his possessions and secular life to live in imitation of the Apostles; sought to preach the Gospel as a layman. -- His followers, the Waldensians, were initially condemned by the papacy -- Humiliati = humble men and women, embraced a similar pious ideal: laymen and women living like the Apostles Purgatory = place to purge your sins before going on to heaven Acts of penance (caring for lepers and the poor) could expedite time in purgatory Francis of Assisi (St. Francis) (1180/81-1226) -- accepted by Pope Innocent III in 1210; founded the Franciscan Order of Poor FriarsEarly Portrait of St. France of Assisi, in the lower church of the basilica of St. Francesco in Assisi. Possibly painted about 1278-1280 (by Cimabue). Francis is depicted with the wounds of the stigmata on his hands, a sign of his holiness.Detail of a fresco by Giotto (1267-1337), From the Life of St. Francis, The Approval of the Rule by Innocent III, in the Upper church of S. Francesco, Assisi.Detail of a fresco by Giotto (1267-1337), The Dream of Innocent III, in the Upper church of S. Francesco, Assisi.Lecture 21: Christendom and its Discontents: Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council 1. Innocent III and the Ideal of Papal Monarchy A. Lothario de Segni or Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) B. Defining Papal Monarchy and its Powers 2. The Fourth Lateran Council and Lay Devotion A. Calling the Council, November 1215 B. Goals and Canons: Transforming Christian Society C. Religion and the Laity: Imitation and Devotion -- Waldes of Lyon: Poverty and Preaching -- Francis of Assisi: Sanctioned Salvation, 1210 3. Lay Devotion and its Discontents A. The Threat of Heresy B. The “cancer” of the Cathar Church in Southern FranceThe Cathar Church and the Construction of Heresy Heresy = false belief under the guise of correct Christianity Cathars emerged in Southern France during the 1170s/1180s Most of what we know about these “heretics” comes from the pens of Inquisitors – people persecuting the Cathars = problem of evidence Cathar “Heresy”: Leaders called perfecti = perfect ones Limited rituals emphasizing prayer above all Espoused a dualist heresy = dichotomy between Good and Evil; body and soul; Old Testament vs. New Testament Posed a significant challenge to the institutional Catholic Church by 13th century.The French Kingdom during the 13th C – Cathar Church took root in area of Languedoc, south of