History Final12/2Inventions and DiscoveryOverviewTechnology helped advance Northern Europe over Southern EuropeNorthern Europe becomes more wealthy and more powerfulBetter sailors, better trade, diffusion of technologyPrintFavored in Northern EuropeIn 40 years everyone in Europe had the printing pressSimple to figure out process42 lined bible: productions process progressed the improvement of the mass production of bibles and efficiency (~300:1 Printing Press: hand written)Production process was fairly simple making it spread throughout Europe Gunpowder WeaponsCatholic church did not like the mass spreading of biblesGunpowder WeaponsEarly cannons were very large and used for hurling rocks and other thingsOver time become longer, however, still very hugeWere becoming more mobile, could take on shipsReboudakin: small, mobile arms (cannons)Hussites used small hand cannonsFirst group in history to use gunpowder weapons efficientlyPut them in mobile actionHussite wagon fortressShot many cannons at onceCulverin vs. CannonSmaller hole vs. bigger holeMore effective with smaller holeBronze vs. IronStronger vs. weakBronze was the preferred way to cast CulverinLate 1400’s were very effective in warfareGunpowder weaponry became very reliableTook so long to become efficient because the actual gunpowderHad salt in it and would absorb moister and would not workFound out that they could add acid and get rid of the salt factorDried into dumplings and then crushed into different “corn” size piecesBigger the weapon  bigger the corn sizeSmash corn in their weapons right before useRiffles existed in the 1500’s but were very rareThe Wheel Lock Pistol (1550)Became a more reliable ignition of the weapon (pistols/ small arms)Big transformation in warfareSlow and uneven diffusionNavigation TechnologyCompassBeen around for quite sometime but a very important piece of technologyAstrolabe: based on constellations in the night skyHelpful sailing on a ship and using the night skyMariner’s Quadrant: used the sun’s location to figure out their latitude (based on time of year and shadows)Portuguese ExplorationWanted to travel to India for spices and other thingsWanted to tradeWanted to create a short cut to get there, successfulCaravel: type of shipFairly small ships with low bowsVery maneuverableUsed to get to to IndiaType of planking: carvel planking, boarders were placed one next to another, making the ships lighter and smootherGood for going along cost linesNot as good for big, open oceanAdapted the ship and turned it into a Carrack“Hybrid” of Caravelocean going vesselslater modified to become Galleonslowered the frontcould turn into the windmore maneuverable16th century began to open up the trade routes of the Atlantic/ entire worldEnglish and the Dutch are the most improved in tradeTook over the Portuguese tradeChanged distribution of wealth in EuropeTrade routes starting to spread all over the worldMaps (1507)T-O map: shaped as a cross with God in the middle, used Christianity to create mapsProcess of continuous improvementBy the end of the century the map becomes much more accurateThe printing of maps made navigation much more effective18th century started to gain information on longitude12/5ReformationBig Tent ChristianityChristianity became more deeply engraved in cultureInstead of a single religion, Europe had many different types of ChristianityKings and princes throughout Europe decide the religion of the stateTurns into individual deciding what religion they arePope King congress individual (over centuries)Causes a lot of violence, decreases literacy, things start to unravelPopes ability to contain Christianity in Europe breaks downReligious divisions intensify  commonly lead to war, people fought over their religionLuther & TheologyArgued the buying of indulgences to relinquish sinsThe church was busy raising money and would sell indulgences to do soLuther saw this and used theology of the church to rid Christianity of indulgencesLutheranism: basically anyone who is protestantLuther based his critiques on the Catholic church on 2 principlesSola Scriptura: by scripture alone, the bible was the solar source of authority (instead of the Pope)No lies from the Pope, no one had to remain loyal to a Pope, facts came straight from the bible and nothing elseSola Fide: by faith alone. (how to get to heaven)Principle of the church was to be a good person alone, Luther argued this.Frederick of Saxony (1463-1525)Patron of LutherA powerful prince within the Holy Roman EmpireHad consistently sought to increase the power of territorial princes at the expense of the EmperorLuther made all of his achievements because he had Frederick as a patronProtestant  protesters (how they got their name)  turned into civil war  new form of ChristianityHenry VIII & PoliticsHated what Luther was saying, did NOT supportBelieved in 7 things someone could do to be part of the churchLuther argued these ideasTried to write a book on religion but never finished had someone finish for himDynasty was a little shaky, did not have any male heirs and thought he needed one, his wife could not bare anymore children, so he needed a divorceStarted breaking away from relationship with the church so he could get a divorceMade himself the Pope because the Pope would not give him the divorceHe eventually starts doing some of the things Luther wanted, not immediatePolitical reformationCalvin ReformationCalvinists believed in the necessity of purgingMore dramatic influence of Sola Scriptura, got rid of all the icons and stained glass in the churchesHad to cleanse the church of papist behaviorNice clothes for priests, new alter, etcAttacked the privileges of the clergyAuthority was more of a bottom, up (from local groups) religion instead of top, down (instead of Pope)Different identities in different countries (England Pluralists, etc)Catholic Reformation1545 Catholic churchCouncil of Trent: got together and identified what being Catholic really was, got rid of indulgencesBasically defined the Catholic ReformationCould not read certain books (Boccaccio)Jesuits: instructed people on elements of the faith (great teachers)No longer has the monopoly over all of Europe12/7Impact of ReformationCultural DivisionsReformations created cultural divisions from conflicts of religion, this turned into social divisions, and thus turned into civil warsEurope turned into a bloody and warfilled place over conflict of