1 Lecture 22: The Calamities of the Fourteenth Century I. The Four Horsemen: Changed Landscape of the 14th Century A. The Great Famine – Magna Fames, 1315-1322 B. The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453 C. Peasant Rebellions II. The Black Death – the Fourth Horseman A. Trade Networks and the Spread of Disease B. The Disease (Yersinia Pestis) and its Biology C. Responses to the Plague III. The Plague Cycle and Its Consequences -- Black Death (as pandemic), 1347-1351 -- Plague Cycle continues through the mid- 17th Century -- Demography and Mental Shift: ** signals break between medieval and early modern (Renaissance and Tudor England) civilizations The Four Horsemen: Changed Landscape of the 14th Century The Great Famine – Magna Fames, 1315-1322 = 14 continuous bad harvests -- Rainy winters, summers of drought -- Great Murrain = the great dying of animals among herds and flocks -- Northern Europe 1/10 of population dies of starvation The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453 -- began as succession dispute between France and England for who would control the French throne Peasant Rebellions -- Flanders: Peasant Revolt of 1323-28 -- Jacquerie in Paris, 1358 -- English Peasants’ Revolt, 1381 Black Death = the Bubonic Plague The Black Death – the Fourth Horseman Trade Networks and the Spread of Disease -- trade from the east, through Black Sea ports to Genoa (Italy) into the west beginning 1347. The Disease (Yersinia Pestis) and its Biology -- Bubonic (buboes – swellings) Plague, also pneumonic (lungs, airborne) and septicemic (blood) forms2 Responses to the Plague -- Considered to be Divine Wrath -- Search for scapegoats: persecutions of Jews and Lepers -- Fear and Penitence: The Flagellant Movement **Plague Cycle = decades of devastation upon the populations of Europe. Begins 1347-1351 and continues until
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