Francia (or France) in the 7th Century A.D.Diplomacy and Politics in the 8th and 9th Centuries Harun-al-Rashid, Muslim Caliph, in 800 sends diplomatic gift of Abul-Abbas, the great elephant, to Charlemagne’s court. ******* (last powerful Merovingian King, Dagobert I (d. 638/9) – thereafter Francia effectively ruled by Mayor of the Palace Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty occurred for two reasons: 1) Military consolidation of Francia 2) Strategic Alliance with the PapacyCharlemagne (The ‘Great King’) and the Carolingian Empire Charles Martel (r. 714-41) – gives his name to the Carolingian dynasty; from Carolus = Charles in Latin. Pippin III (r. 741-68) + brother Carloman, both rule as Mayors of the Palace. (Carloman retires as a monk, 747) • Alliance with the Papacy = Amicitia, pax et caritas = “mutual friendship, close relations and Christian love,” • 756 = Donation of Pippin, creates Republic of Saint Peter Charlemagne (r. 768-814) = Charles “le Magne”, “Charles the Great” • He had a vision for a united Christian Empire that embraced Roman and German military and cultural traditionsFrancia (or France) in the 7th Century A.D.Charlemagne (The ‘Great King’) and the Carolingian Empire Charles Martel (r. 714-41) – gives his name to the Carolingian dynasty; from Carolus = Charles in Latin. Pippin III (r. 741-68) + brother Carloman, both rule as Mayors of the Palace. (Carloman retires as a monk, 747) • Alliance with the Papacy = Amicitia, pax et caritas = “mutual friendship, close relations and Christian love,” • 756 = Donation of Pippin, creates Republic of Saint Peter Charlemagne (r. 768-814) = Charles “le Magne”, “Charles the Great” • He had a vision for a united Christian Empire that embraced Roman and German military and cultural traditionsCarolingian Europe (c. 790-800)Lecture 16: Carolingian Culture and Kingship -- The Formation of Europe 1. Charlemagne (The ‘Great King’) and the Carolingian Empire A. Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty B. “Charles the Great” C. An Empire Revived 2. The Culture of the Carolingians A. Political Culture -- Sacral Kingship -- Administration of the Realm B. The Carolingian Renaissance: Literature and Literacy 3. The Division of the Empire A. Louis the Pious and his Sons B. Treaty of Verdun, 843 – Empire Divided 4. The Devastation of the Pagans -- Vikings, Magyars, and MuslimsCarolingian Administration and Political Culture Sacral Kingship = anointed kings, model of the Old Testament – served to legitimate Carolingian claims to royal power. 1) Creation of Counts, who administered Counties 2) Creation of Dukes, who controlled Duchies on the frontier zones 3) Royal commissioners = missi dominici = “those sent out by the lord king” -- to transmit royal instructions and decrees -- oversee regional counts and dukes, an administrative check -- rise of royal bureaucracyCarolingian Renaissance – Literature and Learning Carolingian Renaissance = re-birth of Roman past and Christian faith 1) Expansion of literacy among the clergy (monks and priests) and among lay aristocratic circles. 2) Introduced a new Carolingian Miniscule Script – facilitates copying of books = a written script that forms the basis for our modern typeface. 3) Copying of manuscript books = history, hagiography, Christian literature, and Classical literature – role of monks and monastic scriptoriums = centers of writing 4) Artistic production = illuminated booksCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian Renaissance – Literature and Learning Carolingian Renaissance = re-birth of Roman past and Christian faith 1) Expansion of literacy among the clergy (monks and priests) and among lay aristocratic circles. 2) Introduced a new Carolingian Miniscule Script – facilitates copying of books = a written script that forms the basis for our modern typeface. 3) Copying of manuscript books = history, hagiography, Christian literature, and Classical literature – role of monks and monastic scriptoriums = centers of writing 4) Artistic production = illuminated booksPortrait of Saint Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels (c. 820)Book cover of the Lindau Gospels, made of gold with pearls and precious stones. One of the earliest works of the Carolingian Renaissance, made in the last quarter of the 8th century, resemble Hiberno-Saxon artistic style. In the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City. 27 ´ 35 cm.Lecture 16: Carolingian Culture and Kingship -- The Formation of Europe 1. Charlemagne (The ‘Great King’) and the Carolingian Empire A. Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty B. “Charles the Great” C. An Empire Revived 2. The Culture of the Carolingians A. Political Culture -- Sacral Kingship -- Administration of the Realm B. The Carolingian Renaissance: Literature and Literacy 3. The Division of the Empire A. Louis the Pious and his Sons B. Treaty of Verdun, 843 – Empire Divided 4. The Devastation of the Pagans -- Vikings, Magyars, and MuslimsCarolingian Europe (c. 800)Carolingian Rulers in the Ninth Century Charlemagne (r. 768-814) ***** Louis the Pious (r. 814-840) (1. marriage to Ermengard) Lothar (r. 840-855) Pippin (d. 838) Louis the German (r. 843-876) + (2. marriage to Judith) Charles the Bald (r. 843-877) ********* Treaty of Verdun (843) = division of Carolingian Empire among three brothersThe Treaty of Verdun (843)Pagan Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth