Lecture 7: From Republic to Empire – or the First Among Equals 1. The End of the Republic A. The Growth of the Rome: Ambitions Unbound B. Factional Politics Inside Rome – optimates and populares C. New Men, Client Armies and Civil War 2. Rule by Threes: Unending Strife A. The First Triumvirate: Pompey, Caesar, Crassus B. Second Triumvirate: Mark Anthony, Lepidus, and Octavian Augustus 3. The Rise of the Roman Empire – The Principate A. Princeps = First Among Equals B. The Making of an Emperor – the Image of Augustus Expansion of the Roman Republic during the Second Century Punic War Additions: Sicily – after First War (241 BCE) Sardinia and Corsica – Second War (201 BCE) Spain and Carthage – after the Third War (146 BCE) Further Expansion: 146 BCE -- Corinth and Greek Interests 133 BCE -- gift of the Attalid Kingdom (Asia Minor) 121 BCE -- Gaul north of the Alps Factional Politics and The End of the Republic optimates (haves) and populares (have-nots) Gracchi Brothers: Tiberius (133BCE) and Gaius(123 BCE) – land redistribution in favor of the poor and soldiers Gaius Marius (157-86 BCE), a general, a “new man,” popular among populares Sulla (138-78 BCE), a general, an optimate = Rise of Client Armies – loyal to commanders over the Republic Civil War and the end of the RepublicThe First Triumvirate (60 BCE): Pompey (106-48 BCE) – Military leader Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) – old Roman family (Julii) Crassus – man of wealth; real estate developer 59 BCE Julia m. Pompey: 54 BCE Julia dies in childbirth 49 BCE: Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon and marches on Rome Same year -- Julius Caesar defeats Pompey; becomes dictator 44 BCE: Senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus assassinate Caesar (15 March = Ides of March) The End the Roman Republic and the Rise of the Empire Second Triumvirate (44-31 BCE) Octavian = Caesar’s nephew and adopted heir Lepidus = commander with an army at his disposal Mark Anthony = heir to Caesar’s forces; lover of Cleopatra VII Battle of Actium (31 BCE) – Octavian defeats Mark Anthony “Restoration” of the Republic by Octavian Augustus the “Princeps” (31 BCE-14 AD) 27 BCE = Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus =
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