Lecture 6: The Rise of Rome: From Monarchy to Republic, 753-100 BCE 1. The Italian Peninsula and the Rise of Rome A. Crafting Rome’s Origins: Legend and Myths B. The Archeological Record and Rome’s Expansion 2. The Roman Republic: Government and Class Tensions A. From Monarchy to Republic -- Rape of Lucretia -- Brutus and the creation of Republican Rule 509 BCE B. Republic at Work: Government Offices C. The Patricians and Plebeians 3. Roman Imperialism under the Republic A. Roman Expansion within the Peninsula of Italy B. The Punic Wars Conclusion – Rome: A Mediterranean PowerThe Expansion of the Roman Empire (30 B.C.E.-A.D. 117).Important Stages of Roman Political History 1. Monarchy (753-509 B.C.E.) 509 B.C.E. -- The Rape of Lucretia and the Defeat of King Tarquin the Proud. 2. The Republic (509-44 B.C.E.) 44 B.C.E. -- Death of Julius Caesar and Ascent of Octavian Augustus. 3. The Empire or Principate (44 B.C.E.-294 C.E..)Latium – Rome’s Rise, ca. 509 BCE1. Crafting Rome’s Origins: Legend and Myth 1) Romulus and Remus – Legend ca. 4th century; twin brothers who found the city of Rome 2) Aeneas and the founding of Rome – Story related by Virgil, writing in the 1st century BCE under Augustus; links Rome’s origins to the Trojans 3) Rape of the Sabine Women – Captures the idea of the expansion of Rome through incorporating or seizing outside territory Rapio, rapere, to seize and carry off, to take and assume -- The Rape of the Sabine Women and the Rape of Lucretia – metaphors for Rome’s early expansion.19th copy of the bronze statue depicting the legend of Romulus and Remus, twins suckled by the She-wolfLatium – Rome’s Rise, ca. 509 BCE1.Crafting Rome’s Origins: Legend and Myth 1) Romulus and Remus – Legend ca. 4th century; twin brothers who found the city of Rome 2) Aeneas and the founding of Rome – Story related by Virgil, writing in the 1st century BCE under Augustus; links Rome’s origins to the Trojans 3) Rape of the Sabine Women – Captures the idea of the expansion of Rome through incorporating or seizing outside territory Rapio, rapere, to seize and carry off, to take and assume -- The Rape of the Sabine Women and the Rape of Lucretia – metaphors for Rome’s early expansion.Bronze Bust of Lucius Junius Brutus “The Liberator” (4th or 3rd Century B.C.E.)2. The Roman Republic: Government and Class Tensions Government Offices: CONSULS – highest officials, elected annually, previous military service, leaders of the army PRAETORS – judicial officials QUAESTORS – financial officials, collected taxes and revenues AEDILES – responsible for the maintenance of Rome, food supply, public buildings, streets, games, and entertainment. CENSORS – set the census and legislate public morality SENTATE – (from Senex = wise old men) – to advice those that rule on public matters. Patricians – those who are well-fathered: “pater” = father; 130 elite families made up the class of patricians The Patricians and Plebeians: Expansion of Government 1) Twelve Tables of Law (451-449 BCE); 2) TRIBUES = 10 annually elected officials, had to be plebeians; 3) After 367 BCE – at least one consul had to be a plebeian.Expansion of Roman Territory during the Punic Wars3. Roman Imperialism under the Republic Roman Expansion within the Peninsula of Italy The Punic Wars First Punic War – 264-241 B.C.E., a Roman Victory, Sicily a new province. Second Punic War – 218-201 B.C.E., Carthaginian general Hannibal leads troop and 37 elephants over the Alps. Terrible losses for Rome, 30,000 men dead. Roman general Scipio takes Carthage on its own soil, finally a Roman victory. Spain becomes a Roman province. Third Punic War – 149-146 B.C.E., in the end Rome finally destroys Carthage, razes it to the ground and makes it another Roman province. Conclusion: Rome as a Mediterranean PowerPlate Decorated with a War Elephant, 3rd Century B.C.E.The Extent or Roman Rule by the end of the Republic, ca. 44