Lecture 28: The Catholic Response: The Counter-Reformation and the Jesuit Order 1. The Council of Trent, 1545-1563 A. Calling the Council B. The Council’s Reforms -- Reaffirms the basis of the Catholic faith -- Doctrinal matters -- Institutional hierarchy, organization and the office of the bishop 2. Implementing Catholic Renewal A. Missions and re-education B. The Papal Inquisition, 1478 (Rome and Spain) C. Censorship and The Index of Forbidden Books, 1557 3. The Society of Jesus – a new Catholic Order A. Foundation of the Order -- Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) -- The Spiritual Exercises, ca. 1520s-1530s B. Education, Missions and Structure of the Order New Catholicism for a New EuropeReligious diversity of Europe in the 16th centuryThe Catholic Response Catholic Reformation = a flowering of Catholic ideas and spirituality (begun with humanists in the 15th century) Counter-Reformation = a response to the Protestant critiques of the Church and the re-education and indoctrination in the Catholic faith – much more systematically imposed The Council of Trent, 1545-1563 -- Trent was a compromise location (between Italy and German lands) -- Convened under Pope Paul III and Pope Pius IV -- Initially harbored the hope of reconciliation between Protestants and Catholics; a Protestant contingent attended the second session of the council.Painting of the opening session of the Council of Trent, ca. 1545 First Session, 1545-1547; Second Session,1551-1552; Third Session, 1562-1563The Council’s Reforms: First Session (1545-1547): Reaffirms the basis of the Catholic faith and beliefs -- Justification of the faith based on Scripture AND Tradition -- Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible was the authentic text -- Men were saved by faith AND good works Second Session (1551-1552): Doctrinal Matters (teachings of the church) -- Doctrine of transubstantiation of bread and wine at the mass was reaffirmed by the Catholic Church = Real break with Protestants -- Reaffirmed beliefs and practices of tradition: making vows, purgatory, veneration of relics, granting indulgences, power of the saints -- Reaffirmed taking of communion in ONE form by laity = bread only -- Doctrine of Marriage – engagements needed 3 witnesses, men over 20 and women over 18 without parental consent. -- Importance of Confession and Penance = private confession Third Session (1562-1563): Reforming Institutional Hierarchy = duties of bishops -- Bishops should be present spiritual leaders in their communitiesLecture 28: The Catholic Response: The Counter-Reformation and the Jesuit Order 1. The Council of Trent, 1545-1563 A. Calling the Council B. The Council’s Reforms -- Reaffirms the basis of the Catholic faith -- Doctrinal matters -- Institutional hierarchy, organization and the office of the bishop 2. Implementing Catholic Renewal A. Missions and re-education B. The Papal Inquisition, 1478 (Rome and Spain) C. Censorship and The Index of Forbidden Books, 1557 3. The Society of Jesus – a new Catholic Order A. Foundation of the Order -- Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) -- The Spiritual Exercises, ca. 1520s-1530s B. Education, Missions and Structure of the Order New Catholicism for a New EuropeImplementing Reforms within Europe (1) Missions and re-education in Catholic beliefs and teachings both within Europe and in the New World colonies. (2) The Papal Inquisition, begun in 1478 (Rome and Spain) – to find wrong belief and correct it; public punishments for unrepentant heretics or conversos (Jewish converts to Christianity in Spain) to convey the necessity of right belief. (3) Censorship and The Index of Forbidden Books, 1557 – created to regulate and control consumption of ideas and beliefs.Lecture 28: The Catholic Response: The Counter-Reformation and the Jesuit Order 1. The Council of Trent, 1545-1563 A. Calling the Council B. The Council’s Reforms -- Reaffirms the basis of the Catholic faith -- Doctrinal matters -- Institutional hierarchy, organization and the office of the bishop 2. Implementing Catholic Renewal A. Missions and re-education B. The Papal Inquisition, 1478 (Rome and Spain) C. Censorship and The Index of Forbidden Books, 1557 3. The Society of Jesus – a new Catholic Order A. Foundation of the Order -- Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) -- The Spiritual Exercises, ca. 1520s-1530s B. Education, Missions and Structure of the Order New Catholicism for a New EuropeIgnatius Loyola (1491-1556), Spanish soldier-mystic, founder of the Jesuit OrderThe Society of Jesus – a new Catholic Order Jesuit Order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) = a soldier and mystic -- they spread and enforced a new Catholic piety and Catholic Reform following out of the Council of Trent Rigorous Training and Education: -- The Spiritual Exercises = meditations, a sort of forced mystical experience, laid out by Ignatius ca. 1520s-1530s. -- Highly centralized order based in Rome, but members spread out across the world. -- Most Jesuits were highly educated in philosophy, humanism, and languages – particularly languages of the New World and of Spanish colonies (China, Mexico, Canada).Il Gesu, Rome – Jesuit College of Rome, designed by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola 1507-73Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola 1507-73 -- Il Gesu, Rome, interiorCatholic devotional prints – example of Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) “The Flagellation of Christ”Titian, Gloria, after 1556 – Charles V is depicted in a white robeThe Ecstasy of Saint Teresa of Avila, by Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)Rembrandt, The Entombment of Christ, 1639 – representation of human emotion and
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