Decline of the Papacy “Babylonian Captivity of the Church” (1309-1378) – moved the papacy to Avignon (southern France) The Great Schism (1378-1417) – division of the papacy (popes and anti-popes); resolved only in 1417 at the Council of Constance (1414-1418). Rise in Popular Devotion -- Vernacular Texts and Translations of the Bible -- Humanists offered a close reading -- Laymen and women = mystical devotion Religious Dissent and the Critique of the Papacy -- John Wycliff (ca. 1335-1384); England - Lollard movement -- Jan Hus (d. 1415) and Jerome of Prague; Bohemia (east of German Empire) – advocated for full participation of lay people in the Mass (take bread and wine) -- Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)Divisions of the church authority during the Great Schism (1378-1417)The Palace of the Popes at Avignon, largely built by Clement VI (1342-1352)and Innocent VI (1353-1362). It offered a fortified and well organized residence.Papal Palace in Avignon – Residence of the “Babylonian Captivity” 1309-1378 (main façade, 1344-52)Divisions of the church authority during the Great Schism (1378-1417)Lecture 26: The Protestant Reformation and Print Culture 1. Decline of the Papacy A. Babylonian Captivity (1309-1378) and the Great Schism (1378-1417) B. Popular Devotion -- Vernacular Texts and Translations 2. Religious Dissent: Unmediated Access to God A. John Wycliff (ca. 1335-1384) B. Jan Hus (d. 1415) C. Martin Luther (1483-1546) the Monk -- 95 Theses Against the Sale of Indulgences (1517) 3. Luther and the Idea of Reform A. Spiritual Truth and Scriptural Authority B. Protestant Critiques in Print C. Spread of Reform in the 16th CenturyDecline of the Papacy “Babylonian Captivity of the Church” (1309-1378) – moved the papacy to Avignon (southern France) The Great Schism (1378-1417) – division of the papacy (popes and anti-popes); resolved only in 1417 at the Council of Constance (1414-1418). Rise in Popular Devotion -- Vernacular Texts and Translations of the Bible -- Humanists offered a close reading -- Laymen and women = mystical devotion Religious Dissent and the Critique of the Papacy -- John Wycliff (ca. 1335-1384); England - Lollard movement -- Jan Hus (d. 1415) and Jerome of Prague; Bohemia (east of German Empire) – advocated for full participation of lay people in the Mass (take bread and wine) -- Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)Divisions of the church authority during the Great Schism (1378-1417)Decline of the Papacy “Babylonian Captivity of the Church” (1309-1378) – moved the papacy to Avignon (southern France) The Great Schism (1378-1417) – division of the papacy (popes and anti-popes); resolved only in 1417 at the Council of Constance (1414-1418). Rise in Popular Devotion -- Vernacular Texts and Translations of the Bible -- Humanists offered a close reading -- Laymen and women = mystical devotion Religious Dissent and the Critique of the Papacy -- John Wycliff (ca. 1335-1384); England - Lollard movement -- Jan Hus (d. 1415) and Jerome of Prague; Bohemia (east of German Empire) – advocated for full participation of lay people in the Mass (take bread and wine) -- Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)Luther (1483-1546) pictured as Monk, Man of the Bible, and Saint, 1521 woodcutSpread of the Protestant Reformation, ca. 1550sLuther and the Idea of Reform Martin Luther (1483-1546) the Monk -- October 31, 1517 -- 95 Theses against the Sale of Indulgences Indulgences = sale by the pope or his representatives of “superfluous merit” to reduce the buyer’s time in purgatory = seems to be buying salvation. Luther’s Message: Spiritual Truth and Scriptural Authority sola fides = by faith alone sola scriptura = by Scripture alone sola gratia = by grace alone Protestant Critiques in Print – use of printing quickly spread the message of reform and Luther’s critiques of the Catholic ChurchWoodcut depicting John Tetzel, a famous indulgence preacher whose preaching spurred Luther to publish his 95 theses. -- Note the representation of an indulgence as a sealed parchmentLecture 26: The Protestant Reformation and Print Culture 1. Decline of the Papacy A. Babylonian Captivity (1309-1378) and the Great Schism (1378-1417) B. Popular Devotion -- Vernacular Texts and Translations 2. Religious Dissent: Unmediated access to God A. John Wycliff (ca. 1335-1384) B. Jan Hus (d. 1415) C. Martin Luther (1483-1546) the Monk -- 95 Theses Against the Sale of Indulgences (1517) 3. Luther and the Idea of Reform A. Spiritual Truth and Scriptural Authority B. Protestant Critiques in Print C. Spread of Reform in the 16th CenturyLuther and the Idea of Reform Martin Luther (1483-1546) the Monk -- October 31, 1517 -- 95 Theses against the Sale of Indulgences Indulgences = sale by the pope or his representatives of “superfluous merit” to reduce the buyer’s time in purgatory = seems to be buying salvation. Luther’s Message: Spiritual Truth and Scriptural Authority sola fides = by faith alone sola scriptura = by Scripture alone sola gratia = by grace alone Protestant Critiques in Print – use of printing quickly spread the message of reform and Luther’s critiques of the Catholic ChurchWoodcut prints by Melanchthon, the Monk Calf and The Papal Ass, 1523Spread of the Protestant Reformation, ca. 1550sFrance in 1562 showing Protestant churches and strongholds – Protestant support in the south and in Bourbon NavarreSpread of Reformation Ideas Urlrich Zwingli (1484-1531) – the radical church of Zurich = pushed for liturgical and sacramental simplification; use of wooden cup at mass. Argued that the Eucharist was symbolic and commemorative, not actually the body and blood of Christ. John Calvin (1509-1564) – synthesis of 16th Century Protestant thought in The Institutes of the Christian Religion; outlines idea of predestination = God determines the salvation of every individual; Geneva becomes a center for Protestant reform. Anabaptist’s City of God: Example of Munster – believed in re-baptism; and a biblical literalism that was fundamentally anti-social and separatist; suppressed