A 16th Century T-O map, showing America in the lower left cornerWorld Map from Ortelius’s Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, as redrawn from Lopez de Velasco’s original map of 1574. – Father Ricci’s mapRicci’s redrawing of the Western world map, placing China toward the centerLecture 29: Science and the Self: Macrocosms and Microcosms De-centering Europe – Shifting Perspectives I. Advent of the Scientific Method A. Secularism B. New Modes of Explanation -- Logical Method -- Experimentation -- Mathematics – a language of abstraction II. De-centering the Earth– New perspective on the universe A. Copernicus’s Heliocentric Model, 1543 B. Resistance of Tradition C. Galileo’s Challenge to the Heavens III. De-centering the Soul – ordering the self on a mechanical model A. Man as Mechanism – Circulation and the Human Body B. Making Scientists of Men – seeing the world through glassAdvent of the Scientific Method Changes in perspective grew out of changing context in the west: 1) Opening up of new horizons through colonization and expansion 2) Frustrations with religious conflict and the growing role of doubt, skepticism 3) Emphasis on new modes of acute observation: inquisitors manuals, confession, ethnography, and the natural world. As a consequence a new world view began to emerge: Secularism – characterized by a search for non-religious explanations for political authority and natural phenomena. New Modes of Explanation and Analysis = A Scientific Revolution (scientia = knowledge, ways of knowing) -- Logical Method = moving from known principles to unknown conclusions = deductive reasoning -- Experimentation = based on observation, perspective and measurement -- Mathematics = a grammar and language of abstraction to explain the natural world and to encode natural rules and laws of behavior.Leonardo da Vinci’s – sketch of hands – careful observation of natureLeonardo da Vinci’s sketches of a flying machine – ideas of engineeringLecture 29: Science and the Self: Macrocosms and Microcosms De-centering Europe – Shifting Perspectives I. Advent of the Scientific Method A. Secularism B. New Modes of Explanation -- Logical Method -- Experimentation -- Mathematics – a language of abstraction II. De-centering the Earth– New perspective on the universe A. Copernicus’s Heliocentric Model, 1543 B. Resistance of Tradition C. Galileo’s Challenge to the Heavens III. De-centering the Soul – ordering the self on a mechanical model A. Man as Mechanism – Circulation and the Human Body B. Making Scientists of Men – seeing the world through glassDe-centering the Earth– New perspective on the universe Nicholas Copernicus’s (1473-1543), On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, published in 1543, proposed a Heliocentric Model = Sun centered model of the cosmos = radically new idea emerged from logical, mathematics, and simplicity of explanation. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), used detailed observation to confirm Copernicus’s findings. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), also agreed with Copernican system and added idea of elliptical orbits of the planets. Resistance of Tradition = God put the earth at the center of the universe Ptolemaic model vs. CopernicusCopernicus’ heliocentric system – the sun stands at the center, with the known planets around it. The earth is third and the moon is shown revolving around the earth.De-centering the Earth– New perspective on the universe Nicholas Copernicus’s (1473-1543), On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, published in 1543, proposed a Heliocentric Model = Sun centered model of the cosmos = radically new idea emerged from logical, mathematics, and simplicity of explanation. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), used detailed observation to confirm Copernicus’s findings. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), also agreed with Copernican system and added idea of elliptical orbits of the planets. Resistance of Tradition = God put the earth at the center of the universe Ptolemaic model vs. CopernicusGeocentric (following Ptolemy) vs. Heliocentric modelGalileo’s Challenge to the Heavens Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) – took Copernicus’s ideas further. 1608/9 used his crafted telescope to reconfirm and advance heliocentric model. In 1610 he published The Starry Messenger describing the stars and the Milky Way. The telescope put these issues onto the world stage = natural eye confirmed the mathematics. In 1615, he responded to the debate about the authority of the Bible vs. science = published “Concerning the use of biblical quotations in Matters of Science.” = argued that science supersedes theology, but God was the author of both the Bible and the natural world, or laws of nature. 1616 = Copernicus and heliocentric model condemned by Inquisition. Texts put on Index of Forbidden Books. 1632 = Galileo brought before Roman Inquisition, ultimately found guilty of “vehement suspicion of heresy,” Died under house arrest.Reconstruction of Newton’s telescope from original design – example of early telescopes, ca. 1671 – a much more compact design than that of GalileoGalileo’s Challenge to the Heavens Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) – took Copernicus’s ideas further. 1608/9 used his crafted telescope to reconfirm and advance heliocentric model. In 1610 he published The Starry Messenger describing the stars and the Milky Way. The telescope put these issues onto the world stage = natural eye confirmed the mathematics. In 1615, he responded to the debate about the authority of the Bible vs. science = published “Concerning the use of biblical quotations in Matters of Science.” = argued that science supersedes theology, but God was the author of both the Bible and the natural world, or laws of nature. 1616 = Copernicus and heliocentric model condemned by Inquisition. Texts put on Index of Forbidden Books. 1632 = Galileo brought before Roman Inquisition, ultimately found guilty of “vehement suspicion of heresy,” Died under house arrest.Trial of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) before the Inquisition, 1633Lecture 29: Science and the Self: Macrocosms and Microcosms De-centering Europe – Shifting Perspectives I. Advent of the Scientific Method A. Secularism B. New Modes of Explanation -- Logical Method -- Experimentation -- Mathematics – a language of abstraction II. De-centering the Earth– New perspective on the universe A. Copernicus’s Heliocentric