Review questions1. What is the P/O ratio in the presence of an uncoupler? Zero 2. What are the actions of UCP and DNP? They are both uncouplers of the ETC.3. You decide to test the affects of pH on the ETC. To do this you make an extract ofmitochondrial membranes without a functional electron transport chain, but you do make sure to include ATP Synthase. What happens when you lower the pH of the intermembrane space? What happens when you make the pH 4. What is the P/O ratio of the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle? 1.5 How would the P/O change if we added the glycerol shuttle to the electron transport chain, but took out succinate dehydrogenase complex? It would not change because it has the same P/O ratio as succinate.5. What is tightly coupled mitochondria? This is when there is very little loss of protons so that the production of ATP is more efficient. 6. Draw a schematic diagram describing the rate of oxygen consumption when these things are added in order:a) -hydroxybutyrate, where does this come from? This is a ketone body produced from the degradation of fatty acids in the absence of available glucose.b) Malonatec) TMPD + ascorbate d) COe) DNP7. What is the role of Valinomycin? This is a K+ ionophore which breaks down the membrane potential 8. Where are C24 fatty acids oxidized? What is the name of the enzyme? The peroxisomes, by catalase.9. What are some useful properties of ketone bodies? 10. How is a heme different than an iron-sulfur center? The heme contains a porphyrin ring complex with various side chains, the iron is held by 4 nitrogen atoms. An iron sulfur center is inside a protein and the iron is complexed by sulfurfrom cystine residues as well as some additional sulfur molecules.11. What are the two mobile carriers and between what complexes do they operate? Coenzyme Q sends electrons from Complex 1, II, and the glycerol phosphate shuttle. Cytochrome C shuttles electrons from CIII to CIV. 12. How does light activate four Calvin Cycle enzymes? The ferrodoxin to thioredoxin to enzyme link via redox of sulfur groups on each enzyme. 13. How is Fru-6 Phosphate phosphorylated in plants? It is phosphorylated by two phosphates or pp-PFK-114. What advantage to C4 plants have over C3 plants? C4 plants contain a mesophyl and bundle sheath cell and they have PEP carboxykinase to get a higher concentration of CO2 inside the cells so that Rubisco has a lower chance of mistaking oxygen for CO2. Increasing efficiency.15. Mark Where PLA-2 and PLC cutLNC 11-1517. Looking at the ingredients of your recently purchased FUZE drink, meant to help you loose weight and gain energy, you notice that L-Carnitine is an ingredient. Whatdoes this additive have to do with loosing weight? This is related to the carnitine shuttle which takes activated R-Acetyl CoASH and transfers it from the cytosol to the mito. Matrix for fatty acid oxidation. Carnitine binds to acetyl CoA and transports it via 18. Label: Fatty Acid Synthesis, Beta Oxidation, Fatty Acid elongation, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Glycolysis, and the Krebs Cycle occur.19. Look at the diagrams below:a) What is a common drug target for decreasing cholesterol synthesis? HMG-CoAreductase, because it leads to cholesterol synthesis.b) In both diagrams what is the effect of decreased blood glucose levels (increasedglucagons secretion)? Increased Glucagon inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and also inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Does this make physiological sense? Yes, because the body is trying to increase blood glucose, so it will want to break down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, instead of storing them. c) List two negative feedback mechanisms found in these diagrams. –Palmitoyl-CoA inhibits Acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Extracellular LDL uptake is inhibited by increasedintracellular cholesterol. Mevalonate is inhibited by intracellular cholesterol. 20. Where does the elongation of Stearate and Oleate occur? In the ER.21. Name two ways animal cells make NADPH? The pentose phosphate pathway makes two and Malic Enzyme which converts malate to pyruvate and CO222. How is nitrogen excreted in fish, birds and humans? Fish excrete nitrogen directly as ammonia in the water, birds produce uric acid, and we produce
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