Melody Daroogar OH: Monday 11 – 11:50am [email protected] At Roma Café Handout 2 (Week 3) I. Bioenergetics and Metabolism: A. Types of Organic Reactions: 1. Group Transfer 2. Red-ox 3. Elimination, Isomerization 4. Changes in C-C bonds B. Thermodynamics of these reactions: (see tables 13-2 and 13-3) 1. aA + bB cC + dD 2. badceqBADCSubstratesoductsK][][][][][][Pr== 3. ΔG’۫۫ = -RTlnKeq 4. When a reaction is not energetically favored, coupling it to an energy releasing reaction will push it forward. (See ‘Standard Free Energies Are Additive’ pg 494-495) A P1 ΔG1’۫ > 0 (unfavorable) B P2 ΔG2’۫ < 0 (favorable) A + B P1+ P2 ΔG3’۫°= ΔG1’°+ ΔG2’° < 0 5. ATP hydrolysis can drive unfavorable reactions forward (e.g. Glu + ATP Glu-6-P + ADP) C. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) 1. ATP hydrolysis (ATP ADP + Pi) releases ΔG’۫ = -30.5 KJ/mol = -7.3 kcal/mol 2. To memorize ☺: structure of ATP!! 3. When ATP is hydrolyzed, which P group leaves first? Second? Last? (know designations of α, β, and γ) 4. ATP is involved in group transfer reactions (see point 5 above) D. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: 1. Oxidation is loss of electrons: A A+ + 1e- 2. Reduction is gain of electrons: B + 1e- B- 3. Terms and concepts to be familiar with: Half-cell reactions Electron acceptor/donorMelody Daroogar OH: Monday 11 – 11:50am [email protected] At Roma Café Understand figure 13-15b Salt-bridge and reactions (see figure13-14) 4. NAD+/NADH is used in Red-ox reactions. (To memorize ☺: structure of NAD+/NADH!!) 5. Nernst Equation: ΔG’° = -n FΔε’° (G is + ε is - spontaneous) (G is - ε is + non-spontaneous) II. Glycolysis: (Chapter 14) A. ATP is made in living cells B. ATP is used for many reactions in the body/cell that require energy C. Overview: 1. Glycolysis comprises of 10 successive reactions and includes a preparatory phase and a payoff phase. 2. general reaction: OHCOOOHC2226126+→+ 3. Glucose metabolism can take place in aerobic and anaerobic conditions (the amount of energy obtained from 1 molecule of glucose differs in these cases) Questions from Week 1-3: 1. What is ATP used for in a cell? 2. What are the reactions in which ATP is produced? E. FAD/FADH2 Learn to recognize ☺: structures of FAD/FADH2 (see figure 13-18)Melody Daroogar OH: Monday 11 – 11:50am [email protected] At Roma Café 3. How is NADH made from NAD+? 4. How is FADH2 made from FAD? 5. Refer to tables 13-6 and 13-7. Determine if the following reactions take place spontaneously with the reagents given at standard conditions; assume the appropriate enzyme is present. a. AMP + PPi ATP b. Glu + Phosphoenol pyruvate Glu-1-P + pyruvate c. Pyruvate + ATP Phosphoenol pyruvate + ADP d. malate + NAD+ Oxaloacetate + NADH 6. How do the following contribute to enzyme function: a. Apoenzyme b. Co-enzyme/Co-factor (list some examples) c. Prosthetic group d. Metal
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