FAS 370 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideRequired Readings Study Guide: Chapter 9 of “The Cultural Nature of Human Development”by Barbara Rogoff, as well as Chapters 10, 13, and 14 of “Cultural Diversity and Families:Expanding Perspectives” by Bahira Sherif Trask and Raeann R. Hamon.Rogoff – Chapter 9Has cultural change always been noticeable?Yes. Cultural change is quite noticeable in today’s world and the writer says “perhaps it always has been (noticeable).”How might the introduction of television and the internet influence cultural change?There are values associated with television programming and those values can be seen around the world and the models can be emulated by viewers.Give an example of participating in more than one cultural community.Children with parents of two different backgrounds function within several cultural traditions.Which age group seems to adapt the best to new cultural influences?Young children.What roles do children play with immigrant families?They serve as translators and become guides to the new world.Describe Sheriff’s study with 12-year-old boys and group formation. What did they find?They found that boys who brought together in a summer camp group by chance quickly developed preferences for in-group members and devised shared customs when placed in groups that engaged in a variety of interdependent activities, such as cookouts and preparing for athletic activities. There were also feelings of intense hostility, aggression, and negative stereotypes of individuals in other groups. What was effective in resolving the hostilities was a need for the two groups to work together to reach superordinate goals in which they needed each other’s involvement. Give examples of the fluidity of culture from the distant past and the recent past.In the distant, it was the developing of farming and herding. This was around 10,000 years ago in the Near East. In the recent past, it was the expansion of European populations into North and South America in the past 500 years.Discuss community changes through recent cultural contact. Changes in family and community structure were accompanied by changes in parent-child relations. Formal educations sometimes separated families for extended periods of time. A clashoccurs between traditionalism and modernity that produces incompatible role demands. In what ways does Western schooling influence culture change? Discuss the persistence of traditional ways in changing cultural systems.What differences did Ogbu find between voluntary minorities and involuntary minorities?Ogbu found that the majority of immigrants who moved to the US voluntarily, in the belief that they will attain economic well-being or freedoms do well in school. They see barriers such as discrimination or language differences and temporary issues that they can overcome. Conversely, involuntary minorities incorporated in the US through slavery, conquest or colonization see their hardships as permanent and institutionalized. They are disillusioned about the potential of personal perseverance in school and regard collective effort as necessary to get ahead. They develop coping mechanisms.What are Navajo ideas of life success and how do they differ from majority U.S. culture?Navajo individuals may achieve great success in education NOT for personal gain like in the US, but rather for the community’s welfare. Individualism is unethical from a Navajo perspective. Priority among the Navajo people is often placed on family and community relations over “getting ahead” materially. Romance is also a foreign concept because a woman’s central place in the family is derived from matrilineal community organization and not a tie between sexualityand finding a romance partner.Discuss dynamic cultural processes and building on more than one way.Cultural processes involve continual change. This change comes from the choices made by individuals and communities themselves, as well as by circumstances and other people. As distinct cultures come into contact with each other, communities may learn new ways that buildon previous alternatives in a process of cultural development across generations. Participants in different communities may be able to expand their possibilities by cross-fertilization of ideas, by learning about and mastering forms of communication and learning that are not indigenous to their own community. Rather than looking at cultures as mutually exclusive, each can offer something to the other. The diversity of backgrounds in communities provide children with opportunities to develop flexibility or at least appreciation of different patterns of communication thay allow them to interact and provide leadership for and with communities.What did Rogoff learn from her Mayan experience?She became aware of regularities in sociocultrual processes of human development across communities. These regularities can be found in the pattern of the cultural ways in which people can organize their way of life. Communities often vary in their use of cultural patterns, showing preferences under different situations. Regularities were found in the way children’s learning opportunities are structured. Another is whether human relations are organized hierarchically, with one person attempting to control another, or horizontally with mutual responsibilities accompanied with respect to individual autonomy in decision making. Another set of regularities involve strategies for child survival and care, connected with family size, infantmortality rates, and specialization of role for attachment, caregiving, and play in extended families and sibling groups. The process seems to relate in constellations whose form has yet to be made explicit, rather than in simple dichotomies between populations.What conclusions does Rogoff reach?-Humans develop through their changing participation in the sociocultural activities of their communities, which also change.- Culture isn’t just what other people do. It is also in our own everyday activities.-Understanding one’s own cultural heritage, as well as other cultural communities, requires taking the perspective of people of contrasting backgrounds-Cultural practices fit together and are connected-Cultural communities continue to change, as do individuals.-There is not likely to be One Best Way-THERE IS ALWAYS MORE TO LEARN.Trask and Hamon - Chapter 10What is meant by “cultural competence”?Cultural competence