FAS 370 1st EditionExam 2 Study GuideChapter 5 – RogofUnderstand how age is used (or not used) across culture. Discuss developmental transitions and how they mark change in relation to the community.- Age is used in some cultures to measure the amount of time elapsed and as an organizing principle. In other cultures, age is not tracked. People in certain cultures will not know their age and it does not matter to them. For instance, the Mayans suggest a focus on identity as defined by social relationships and place in the community as opposed to a time-line.- People around the world are aware of the physical changes that occur with age, and may use those changes as markers. It was not until the 20th century that places like the U.S started marking the time elapsed since being born. In some communities, developmental phases are not based on chronological age or physical changes.- Around the world, distinctions in stages of development are often defined in terms of a child starting toparticipate in the family or community in a new way.What factors may influence “developmental milestones”?- The factors that influence developmental milestones may be cultural, community events that occur as aperson’s roles change in society. Also, they are often identified by an individual’s developing relationship and societal roles. Many cultures mark developmental milestones with ceremonies. Cultural values are related to the rate of development. Differences in community values impact developmental milestones.When do children become “responsible”?- Children become responsible when they are capable of intentional acts and understanding how to cooperate. As children leave the toddler years, they begin to contribute to the work of their family. In many parts of the world, age 5 to 7 is an important time of transition in the children’s responsibilities and status in their community. Western bureaucratic societies treat the child differently because they recognize that the child knows the difference between right and wrong, can participate in work, and begin serious education in institutions outside the family. Ethnographies of 50 communities around the world showed a widespread change at about age 5-7 in the beginning of responsibilities and expectations of children.In what ways is adolescence considered a special stage?- Some observers have argued that adolescence, in middle-class communities, is a cultural invention unique to specific cultural conditions. Even so, there tends to be a transition time in most cultures between childhood and adulthood.- Responsibilities and independence are greater than those of children but not yet those of adults. What are markers of adulthood?- Marriage and Parenthood are markers of adulthood- Although some countries set age limits on marriage, a transition upon adulthood to marriage is a developmental transition based on the change in roles rather than on age.- Full adult status requires that one be married with children.- In the U.S, people rarely regard parenthood as adult status, but those who have gone though this transition label it as the most important marker of adulthood. Young people regard adulthood asaccepting responsibility for oneself and makinf independent decisions and often, becoming financially independent.How does midlife influence the next generation?- Being a parent connects a person with later generations and u some communities with immortality.- Having children immortalizes the parent, providing the only remedy against complete deathUntil recently, what have gender roles been closely tied to?- Until recently, they have closely been tied to the biological roles of women as mothers and men as fathers, with associated opportunities and constraints.- Birth control has changed the gender role that most women will be pregnant and nursing for most f their adults lives.Describe some similarities in gender roles of boys and girls in various communities (i.e., who stays closer to home, who does housework, which children are more closely supervised).- In many communities, women tend to stay closer to home than men, partly because of childcare responsibilities. She needs to be close enough to be able to nurse the baby when it is left with a caregiver.- Girls are often supervised more than boys, who are often further from home and adults in the companyof other boys.- Girls in many communities are more likely to do housework while boys were doing undirected activity or play.- Worldwide, how common is it for women to be housewives devoted solely to care of house and children?- It is uncommon for a woman to be solely dedicated to being a house wife.- Women’s household responsibilities are often in conjunction with other occupations.What does Rogof say accounts for changes in women’s and men’s responsibilities?- Societal changes in family structure and economic arrangements –over millennia as well as over decades—are closely related to changes in women’s and men’s responsibilities.What are some sociohistorical changes in mothers’ and fathers’ roles? In U.S. mothers’ and fathers’ roles?- Changes in subsistence patterns contribute to the socio-historical changes in mothers’ and fathers’ roles. such as, changes from a nomadic to a sedentary life changed a woman’s role.- In the U.S, changes in women’s and men’s roles have been tied to changes in family organization and economic structure.Summarize Hernandez’ findings about changes in parental roles of fathers and mothers.- Parental roles of fathers and mothers have changed dramatically in the following ways:- Fathers turned from farm to wage work- Family size decreased- Schooling expanded rapidly- Mothers turned to wage work- Mother-only families increased- The demographic changes in the U.S are clearly tied to current U.S mae and female occupational roles, realms of power, and social relations. In other parts of the world also, the gender roles of each generation relate to such demographic changes.What are some diferences by gender in social relations?- Physical aggression and adolescent anti-social behavior are more common among males than females around the world, although its frequency varies across societies. - Girls often engage in more nurturing and responsible behaviors.Trask and Hamon Chapter 4What is key to feminist ideas?The key to feminist ideas is desire to conduct research for, rather