FAS 370 1st Edition Exam 1 Study GuideChapter 1 - Rogof- Most research in human development is based on which communities?- Human development is based on middle-class communities in Europe and North America.- What do most world cultures believe about children’s intellectual development and responsibility?- Most world cultures believe that children are capable of much as infants. In some cultures, such as Oceania, a three year old works in the garden, takes care of younger siblings and is accomplished at social interaction. They place more responsibility on young children, unlike the U.S and the U.K, and they contribute more to the family income.- Why is cultural research necessary?- Cultural research is necessary for resolving pressing practical problems, as well as for progress in understanding the nature of human development in worldwide terms. It is necessary to move beyond overgeneralizations that assumes development functions the same everywhere.- Has age always been a universal marker?- No, it was not until the last half of the 1800s in the U.S and some other nations that age became a measure of development and a criterion for sorting people. Before then, people rarely knew their age; however, infancy, childhood and adulthood were distinguished.- What can be said about regularities of patterns in human relations found cross culturally? (i.e., horizontal/hierarchical organization)- Humans are assumed to require hierarchical organization, but an alternative pattern is more horizontal.- Hierarchical- organization with someone in charge who controls the others.- Horizontal- individuals being responsible together to the group- What did Lev Vygotsky believe?- (Sociocultural perspective) Children in all communities are cultural participants, living in a particular community at a specific time in history. Argued that rather than “revealing the eternal child” the goal is to discover the “historical child.” Believed that the child is not separate from culture.- Would you say that middle class white Americans “have culture”? Why/why not?- Yes, they have culture. According to the orienting concept that “culture is just what other people do”, we take our own culture for granted unless we have contact with several cultural communities. The practices of researchers, students, journalists and professors are cultural, just as the practices of oral historians, midwives and shamans are.- Is culture about food, music, clothes, and traditions? Why/why not?- Culture goes beyond that. Cultural processes involve multifaceted relations among many aspects of community functioning; they are not just a collection of variables that operate independently. Cultural processes have coherence beyond elements such as economic resources, family size, modernization and urbanization.- Do cultures change?- Yes.- What is the goal of cross cultural study?- Separate value judgments from understanding of the various ways that cultural processes function in human development. Considering diverse goals of development, recognizing the value of theknowledge of both insiders and outsiders of specific cultural communities. Systematically and open-mindedly revising our inevitably local understandings so that they become more encompassing.- What is meant by “deficit model” and ethnocentrism?- Ethnocentrism is making judgments that another cultural community’s ways are immoral, unwise, or inappropriate based on one’s own cultural background without taking into account the meaning and circumstances of events in that community.- Deficit model states that “savages” are without reason and social order. Treat them as alien by comparing, thinking one’s own culture is superior.- What does Rogof say about value judgments related to cross cultural study?- Separate value judgments from observation of events. Interpreting the activity of people without regard for THEIR meaning system and goals renders observations meaningless.- What is the most difficult step in learning about other communities?- To recognize that our original views are generally a function of our own cultural experience, rather thanthe only right or possible way.- True or false: Understanding others’ ways does not mean we are criticizing our own ways. True.- Contrast insider and outsider perspectives.- Outsider’s identity is not neutral; it allows access to only some situations and elicits specific reactions when the outsider is present. Different reactions due to outsider’s presence. Ex. The custom of a Hausa mother is not to give infants affection in public. A researcher observing this behavior would never see the mothers giving affection, so they would conclude that Hausa mothers do not give their child affection without knowing the customs. Only a few situations in which the presence of outside observers does not transform ongoing events into public ones: if the event is already public, if their presents in undetected, or if they are familiar that their presence goes without notice.- -Insiders: differences in how people act when they think that they are being observed or not illustrate how the simple presence of an observer (or video camera) influences behavior. Insiders may have limited access to situations based on their social identity. (INSIDER & OUTSIDER ARE BOTH FAR FROM NEUTRAL) Insider in a relatively homogenous community is unlikely to have reflected on or even noticed phenomena that would be of interest to an outsider.- Contrast emic, imposed etic, and derived etic approaches to cultural research. Which do cultural researchers usually try to use?- In an emic approach, an investigator attempts to represent cultural insiders’ perspective on a particular community, usually by means of extensive observation and participation in the activities of the community. Produces in-depth analyses of one community and can be often useful as such.- Imposed etic approach- can be seen as a preliminary step on the way to a more adequate derived etic understanding. Investigator makes general statements about human functioning across communities based on imposing a culturally inappropriate understanding. Uncritically applying theory, assumptions, and measures from research or everyday life from the researcher’s own community. May get data, but it is not sufficient enough to be interpreted in a way that is congruent with the situation in the community being