Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture I. Lesbigay ParentingA. Lesbigay Parenting Effects on ChildrenII. Research on Lesbigay FamiliesA. 7 Issues Raised in Court Proceedings about Lesbian Mother ParentingB. Critics of ResearchIII. Lesbigay Parenting DifferencesIV. ConclusionsOutline of Current Lecture I. Family ViolenceA. History of Family ViolenceII. Domestic Violence in the U.SA. Violence and GenderB. Research on Race/Ethnic DifferencesIII. Factors of Family ViolenceIV. Violence Cross-CulturallyCurrent LectureI. Family Violence- Family violence is defined as the beating of a loved one. (Emotional abuse is not violent, has to involve physical contact)It can involve:- A spouse- A child- A parent- A sibling- A partnerA. History of Family Violence- There is a misconception that it was legal for a long time- Rule of Thumb- Was thought to mean that in the past, you were able to beat your wife or child with anything shorter than the length of your thumb. This is FALSE, it is just a folk tale.- The saying “spare the rod and spoil the child” was thought to mean if you do not hit your children, you are spoiling them. But it may actually be referring to a shepherd’s rod that is used to lead and guide; so what it is actually saying that if you refrain from leading and guiding your child, you are spoiling them.- In actuality, family violence has a long history of being inappropriate. In 1655, there was legislation that stated that no man shall strike a wife, nor wife strike a husband.II. Domestic Violence in the U.S- 60% of American families use violence on a regular basis. *Hitting, biting, or using a hard object.- 90% of all children are spanked by age 5- Research says when you use physical violence to discipline your child, it stops the behavior at the time, but it does not in the long-term; it may actually lower the moral development of children. FAS 370 1st Edition- There are negative correlates of spanking children, they are:-Higher delinquency-Lower self-esteem-Increased depression-Increased aggressionThe continuum of family violence goes from spanking to violence.A. Violence and Gender- Men hit women as much as women hit men, but men do more damage when they hit.- Elderly are abused—abuse can be sexual, physical, financial, or neglect.- 5% of adolescents reported hitting one or more parents in the past year.- As sons grow up, they are less likely to hit their mothers, but more likely to hit fathers.- As daughters age, they are increasingly likely to hit parents when they get older.- Sibling violence is the most common form of family violence.B. Research Findings- Early studies were mainly studying White samples.- Later studies found that black and Latino families abuse at the same rate as white families- The national average around the world is 12% of women being beaten by their spouse.- Korean immigrant women report the most violence, with 35% being beaten within the past year, and 60% report ever being hit in a marriage.III. Factors of Family Violence- Age- It is more likely that younger parents and partners will engage in family violence than older ones.- Lesbigay relationships- Research has found that partner violence occurs more in homosexual relationships than in heterosexual relationships.- Cohabitating relationships-Consistent findings that cohabitating relationships have more violence than marriages.IV. Violence Cross-Culturally - There are wide discrepancies between the definitions of abuse across cultures.- In many countries, husband-to-wife violence is considered normal.- Difference of opinion over what is child abuse across cultures.- Child neglect is rarely mentioned as child abuse- A Cross National Survey found that no country has a clean slate with violence and