Lecture 15 FAS 370 1st Edition Outline of Last Lecture I. American WeddingsA. African AmericanB. MormonOutline of Current LectureI. Population, Fertility, and Family PlanningA. Fertility ControlB. Ways to Control FertilityC. Concepts II. Family Policies and FertilityA. InformationCurrent LectureI. Population, Fertility, and Family PlanningA. Fertility Control (Controlling birth rates)- Has always been present throughout societies.- Most societies will try to limit or space births because it allows for a greater chance of infant survivalB. Ways to Control Fertility1. Age of Marriage- The longer a couple waits to get married the less time they have to reproduce2. Magic- Ritual acts, wearing certain things that symbolize fertility or infertility, burning incense, and more; are all ways that some cultures try to control fertility rates3. Abortion- Getting rid of the fetus. This can be chemically induced (by drinking something) or surgical (removing fetus)4. Post-partum sex taboos (after birth)- Cultural stigmas that frown upon sex after birth for a certain amount of time5. Type of marriage- Polygyny (1 man, several women) reduces fertility rate in comparison with each man having their own woman. Less sex per woman.6. Infanticide- killing young children. Some cultures are “forced” to kill their infants because they cannot provide food and a life for it; as well as other economic hardships. They are not happy about making decisions like these but they think it is necessary. The young girl is usually the first to go7. Warfare- Young males typically go off to fight and they lose fertile young men to reproduce in battle8. Coitus Interruptus: Pull out method; man pulls penis out of vagina before he ejaculates. Little effectiveness but not much9. Female barrier methods- A way of preventing sperm from combining with eggs10. Condoms- A way of preventing pregnancies. First mass-produced in 1843C. ConceptsFertility rate: Actual number of birthsFecundity: Potential number of births possibleLatent fertility regulation: Unconscious birth control by way of cultural regulationManifest fertility regulation: Conscious birth control by doing something or not doing somethingII. Family Policies and Fertility- Human reproduction is fundamental to society as a whole-Shakers (a religious group) once totaled 200,000 but are down to 4 because they believe in celibacy. You need to repopulate to thrive, or you die out.-Europe has a declining fertility rate.- The average fertility rate needed to repopulate in 2.1. The point one comes from the possibility that thebaby will die3 choices to increase population1. Increase immigration2. Change welfare state (Stop paying for certain things)3. Increase fertility rate***It is easier to bring fertility rates down than to raise them!***A. Information- Some countries are attempting to increase their fertility rates (Europe, Iraq, Singapore)- Others countries are attempting to reduce fertility rates (China, Mexico, Algeria, Haiti, India, Jordan, Kenya, Nigeria)- Most countries have scarce, if any at all, intervention policies.Singapore- 1950’s-1970’s they had a high birth rate so they came up with the slogan “two is enough” and it worked so well that they fell below a 1.5 fertility rate in 14 years. So they are trying to change it back with a new slogan, “At least 2, better three, four if you can afford it.” They have tried things like baby bonus relief, matchmaking, but they have had no real success yet.France, Germany, Britain and Russia all have baby