Outline of Previous Lecture I. CeremoniesA. First BirthdaysB. First HaircutII. Non-Western PracticesOutline of Today’s LectureI. ParentingA. Three Universal Goals of Parenting II. Shared Parenting TasksA. 6 Categories of the NEPEMIII. Parenting Behaviors and Parenting StylesA. 4 Types of Parenting StylesB. Findings from Parenting StylesC. Additional Info on Parenting StylesToday’s LectureI. Parenting- “The most challenging and complex of all the tasks of adulthood” (Zigler, 2005).A. Three Universal Goals of Parenting 1. Survival- All parents are concerned for the survival of their children. The concerns may look different across cultures. For example, in America, this goal may look like parents trying to make sure their children have all their vaccinations; while in some agricultural societies, there is no medical care, so there concern may be for the proper prayers to be said.2. Prepare the child to be take care of themselves- This also varies across cultures. in the U.S, this may mean teaching the child to pay the bills, help them prepare for a job, find a house, etc. In other places, this may include planting strategies.3. Locally defined virtue- Raise the child in a way that helps develop and maintain the culture and its values (specific to each culture).II. Shared Parenting Tasks *Model that shows what facilitates healthy, able-minded children.FAS 370Bodman, Denise2013 Spring Week 9 Lecture 18 March 8, 2013^ This model is known as the National Extension Parent Education Model- Broadly applicable model- Believed to be critical for children of all cultures- Used throughout countries. In the U.S it is used as a framework for the U.S CongressA. 6 Categories of the NEPEM1. Guide- This includes: modeling appropriate behavior, teaching problem-solving skills, watching over activities, helping children with their relationship with others, setting boundaries/limits, and providing them with age-appropriate activities that aid in development. A big issue across cultures is whether parent should acknowledge the modeling role to their children, and whether they think it is important. In France, parents see child development as independent from parenting. In Japan , parent focus heavily on traditions and culture when raising children. U.S parents focus on doing things the “right” way; such as, reading the right book, teaching them the right things, etc.2. Motivate- This involves: teaching children about themselves, others, and the world. Parents need to stimulate a child’s curiosity, imagination, a search for knowledge, and create beneficial learning conditions, as well as help children process information.3. Nurture- Parents need to: express affection and compassion for their children, encourage self-respect and hope, listen and attend to children’s feelings, teach kindness, provide nutrition, shelter, clothing, health and safety needs. Nurturing also involves celebrating life, and helping children feel connected to family history and cultural heritage.4. Understand- This is done by: Observe development, recognize how children respond to the environment5. Care for self- Parents need to care for themselves, manage personal stress, take care of family resources, to ask for and accept support from others when in need, to recognize personal parenting strengths, have a sense of purpose, set child-rearing goals, and to cooperate with their partner in raising their child together.6. Advocate- Parents need to: find, use and create community resources to benefit children. Good parentsneed to encourage social change and create supportive environments for children and families. Build relations with family, neighborhood and community groups.III. Parenting Styles and Parenting BehaviorsParenting Styles- The groups of behaviors parents use to guide their children.Parenting Behaviors (“Tool Kit”)-Actual things parents do to guide their childrenDiana Baumrind developed two dimensions of parenting stylesWarmth/Responsiveness/Support (parents emotional expression of love) and Control/Demandingness (attempts to integrate a child into the family and society by making behavioral demands).Parents can be viewed in terms of being high or low in support, and high or low in control. This produces four different parenting types that can be seen in combination in terms of level of supportiveness and level on control below:A. 4 Types of Parenting StylesNeglecting Parenting: (Not normal)- Low support, low controlPermissive Parenting: High Support, low control. They are more responsive than demanding; non-traditional. Avoid confrontationAuthoritarian Parenting: Low support, High control. Parents that are obedience and status oriented. Parents that expect orders to be followed strictly without question; clear boundaries.Authoritative Parenting: High Support, High Control. These parents are assertive but not intrusive. Their discipline is supportive and not punitive. They have a desire for their children to be socially responsible.*Not linear*B. Findings from Parenting StylesNeglecting- Children do poorly in all domains (school, relationships, self-control)Permissive- These children are more likely to be involved in problem behavior and not perform as well in school. They do have high levels of self-esteem. Children tend to have little self-control and self-reliance. Retreat from novel experiences. Children are impulsive and aggressive. These children appear to be the least happy. Lack the knowledge of how to cooperate.Authoritarian- Children tends to be more distrustful, unhappy, and hostile. These kids are not high achievers and have lower levels of moral development. Authoritative- Associated with instrumental and social competence. Lower levels of problem behaviors, benefits come asearly as preschool and carry into adulthood. These kids are the most self-reliant and self-controlled. As well, they were the most content, assertive, were cooperative and friendly. These are the happiest children and the highest achievers. Authoritative parents tend to use induction frequently; this is where a parent disciplines a child and provides reasons for it and talks about it. These parents explain how to make it better rather than discipline without explanation.*Responsiveness is associated with social competence, and psychosocial functioning Demandingness is associated with instrumental competence and behavioral control*C. Additional Info on Parenting StylesAuthoritative parents are the