FAS 370 1st EditionExam 3 Study GuideExam 3 Required Readings Study Guide: Chapter 4 of “The Cultural Nature of HumanDevelopment” by Barbara Rogoff, as well as Chapters 7, 11, and 12 of “Cultural Diversity andFamilies: Expanding Perspectives” by Bahira Sherif Trask and Raeann R. Hamon.Rogoff – Chapter 4• How did fertility rates change in Mexico and China following government intervention? Howmight a change in fertility rates affect individual families?They increased dramatically. Mexican government encouraged rapid growth because of lands that were taken. Then, government tries to control and reduce the rates back down. The changein fertility rates may affect individual families because it results in wide swings in the structure and size of families.• What is Robert LeVine’s three-level hierarchy of parental child-raring goals?LeVine argued that communities adapt to prevalent circumstances with priorities and practices that reflect such considerations as the danger of death in childhood:1. In communities with high infant and child mortality, LeVine suggested that parents must first consider a child’s physical survival and health2. Parental priorities involving preparing children to maintain themselves economically in maturity.3. If the first two priorities are met, then a parent can devote more energy to considering each child’s potential to maximize other cultural values, such as prestige, religious piety, intellectual achievement, personal satisfaction and self-realization.• How does infant mortality influence child rearing practices and parental goals?Parents in communities with high infant mortality can afford to consider second and third goals primarily after their child has survived infancy. Once the fear of whether a child will survive or not is gone, then parents can turn attention creating the most successful children.• How has the idea of universal infant-caregiver attachment been challenged?Research draws attention to community aspects of infants’ and caregivers’ attachment to each other, including both the health and economic conditions of the community, cultural goals on infant care, and cultural arrangements o family life. * Consider that these individuals relate to each other as participants in dynamic cultural communities.• Understand the types of attachment (secure, anxious/resistant, anxious/avoidant).Infants are judged to have a secure attachment if they explore and act friendly before the separation from the caregiver, show mild awareness during separation, and are comforted (without anger) when they are reunited with their caregiver.The anxious/resistant pattern is characterized by high distress when the caregiver is not present,and when the caregiver attempts to console the child after the separation, the child is not easilysoothed.The anxious/avoidant pattern involves low distress while the caregiver is away but avoidance of caregiver upon reunion turning or looking away. ***Most European families are classifiable into one of these categories, with the largest classified as secure. Anxious avoidant patterns were most common in some Western European cultures, and anxious/resistant pattern was most common in studies in Israel and Japan.• Why are various patterns of attachment seen in different countries?The different patterns of reaction reflect cultural values and practices. Some cultures focus on early independence training. Others are characterized by responsiveness, constant proximity to mothers, and immediate nursing when child is distressed. Japanese children are unfamiliar with strangers, while African American children are used to multiple different caregivers and are less stressed with strangers.• How does care by others in a community affect infant attachment to mother? To others?Shared responsibility for care of infants does not seem to affect closeness of attachment to mothers. In some cultures, children’s relationship with others is important because if parents divorce or death occurs, they are still taken care of.• What role does a father play in infant caregiving? How does this vary by culture?The highest involvement of fathers appears among Aka foragers, where almost half the father’s day is spent holding or within arm’s reach of their child. In farming and foraging settings, fathershave been observed to hold infants less than 4% of the time. However, even if fathers are seldom in direct interaction with their child, they play essential supportive roles (sustenance, protection, etc.) Illness and mortality are higher if a child does not have a father.• How do extended families affect child caregiving practices?If there is little to no nearby extended family like American society, people think and act as individual atoms, much better off if left alone—isolation is the key word. In contrast, in many African American, American Indian, and U.S Latino communities of varying economic means, grandparents and other kin are frequently a part of children’s daily lives. Children’s involvement with their extended family related to whether they are expected to continue to be a a part of their birth family as adults.• Explain the differences between caregiving, companion, and socializing roles. Can these be provided by different people? Give examples.Caregiving is physical care, a companion is someone who plays the role of a friend, and someone who plays a socializing role refer to a person who aids in a child’s understanding of mature roles in the community. These roles can be played by different people. For example, in some cultures, mothers are the main provider of both physical and social interaction for infants,whereas in others, mothers provide physical care while others meet social needs. Communities vary in expectations regarding whether parents or others will serve as playmates in addition to being caregivers of young children.• What roles do siblings and peers play in child caregiving around the world? In communities where mothers involve others to nurture and support young children, siblings play a central role; they provide care and instruction. This is obviously dependent on whether a sibling exists. Sibling availability varies across cultural communities. In some countries, the average number of births per mother is close to one, such as in China with the one child policy. In contrast, in Kenya, mothers average more than 8 children. In many communities, care of infants and toddlers is