Psych 2510 1nd Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. Personality traits vs. Personality disorderII. Importance of personality disordersIII. Organization of personality disordersIV. Dimensional approach: five-factor modelV. Odd or eccentric personality disorders: descriptionVI. Odd or eccentric personality disorders: epidemiology VII. Dramatic Personality disorders: descriptionVIII. Dramatic Personality disorders: epidemiologyIX. Anxious/fearful personality disorders: descriptionX. Anxious/fearful personality disorders: epidemiologyOutline of Current Lecture XI. Personality Disorders: CausesXII. Personality Disorders: PreventionXIII. Personality Disorders: AssessmentXIV. Personality Disorders: TreatmentXV. Personality Disorders: Long-term OutcomesCurrent LectureI. Personality Disorders: CausesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Genetic influences may be particularly strong for schizotypal personality disorder because of its place on the schizophrenia spectrum.B. A psychobiological theory of personality disorder suggests that genetics set the stage for cognitive and perceptual problems that underlie odd or eccentric and other personality disorders. C. Parental maltreatment, neglect, and emotional withdrawal closely relate to thesepersonality disorders (as well as other disorders). D. Parental maltreatment and withdrawal as well as cognitive distortions comprise major environmental risk factors for odd or eccentric personality disorders.E. Dramatic personality disorders have significant genetic predispositions, especiallywith respect to impulsive/ aggressive behavior and affective instability.F. BPD Social Environmental Factorsi. Linehan’s Diathesis-stress theoryG. Brain areas implicated in borderline personality disorder: frontal cortex, limbic system. i. May play a role in impulsivity and emotional dysregulationii. Decreased functioning of serotonin systemiii. Frontal lobe dysfunctioniv. Increased activation of amygdalaH. Dramatic personality disorders also relate closely to childhood traumas such as severe maltreatment as well as cognitive distortions. I. Predispositions and family-based stressors are likely causes of dramatic personality disorders, as demonstrated here. J. Anxious/fearful personality disorders are caused by genetic factors that underlie anxiety and inhibition as well as difficulties in interpersonal contexts such as relationships. K. Antisocial Personality Disorderi. Genetics1. Criminality and psychopathy moderate heritability a. Lack of fear or anxiety (less reactive-low skin conductance)ii. Family environment is negative, lacks empathyII. Personality Disorders: PreventionA. Prevention of personality disorders might focus on reducing major risk factors such as child maltreatment, poor interpersonal skills, and emotional dysregulation. III. Personality Disorders: Assessment- Clinicians who assess symptoms of personality disorder typically use self-report questionnaires, interviews, and informant reports. IV. Personality Disorders: Treatment- Biological treatments for personality disorders involve medications to ease anxiety and depression, stabilize mood, and reduce comorbid psychotic symptoms. - Psychological treatments for personality disorders include short-term psychodynamictherapy, cognitive behavioral interventions, and dialectical behavior therapy.- Psychological treatment for personality disorders is moderately effective but less so than for other major mental disorders. Effectiveness may improve if specific treatments are tailored to specific personality disorders. - BPDo Dialectical Behavior Therapy (group format, 8-week modules) Emotion regulation training  Distress tolerance training Medication: Anti-depressants and antipsychotics- Medicationso Avoidant PD- Antianxiety medso Schizotypal PD Anti-anxietyV. Personality Disorders: Long-term outcomesA. Personality disorders may remit over time but many people experience a chronic course marked by premature death or