Psych 2510 1nd Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture I. Personality Disorders: CausesII. Personality Disorders: PreventionIII. Personality Disorders: AssessmentIV. Personality Disorders: TreatmentV. Personality Disorders: Long-term OutcomesOutline of Current Lecture VI. Psychotic DisordersVII. SchizophreniaVIII. Subtypes of SchizophreniaIX. Other Psychotic DisordersX. EpidemiologyXI. Biological Risk FactorsCurrent LectureI. Psychotic disordersA. People with psychotic disorders have bizarre thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that greatly interfere with many different areas of daily functioning. II. SchizophreniaA. Schizophenia is the most well known psychosis. B. Positive or excessive symptoms of schizophrenia include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech and behavior.i. Most common are auditory hallucinationsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Word salad: a bunch of jumbled thoughts, unable to understand what person is sayingiii. E.g. laughing at a funeralC. Negative or deficit symptoms of schizophrenia include lack of insight, flat affect, alogia, avolition, and anhedonia. i. Alogia: speaking very little to othersii. Avolition: Lack of motivation iii. Anhedonia: lack of PleasureD. Phases of Schizophreniai. Prodromal (before diagnosis): peculiar behaviors and negative symptomsii. Psychotic prophase: first positive symptom (e.g. hallucination)iii. Active: many positive and negative symptomsiv. Residual: low-grade symptoms similar to prodromal phaseE. This is a portrait of Andre, who is suffering from schizophrenic disorder. What are his positive and negative symptoms? F. The dimensions of schizophrenia can occur along a continuum of mixed symptoms. III. Subtypes of SchizophreniaA. Schizophrenia is divided into paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual subtypes, though psychotic, disorganized, and negative dimensions have also been proposed.IV. Other Psychotic DisordersA. Schizophreniform disorder i. Very similar to schizophrenia but lasts 1-6 months and may not involve serious impairment in daily functioning. B. Schizoaffective disorder i. Applies to those who have features of schizophrenia and a mood disorderii. Must have delusions/hallucinations for at least 2 weeksC. Delusional disorder i. Involves nonbizarre delusions and no symptoms of schizophrenia.D. Brief psychotic disorder involves features of schizophrenia that last 1 day to 1 month and can be triggered by a traumatic event. V. EpidemiologyA. Schizophrenia is a rare disorder but is more commonly seen in males. The disorder is often viewed along a spectrum of disorders. VI. Biological Risk FactorsA. Biological risk factors for psychotic disorders include genetics, brain and neurochemical differences, and cognitive deficits.B. Geneticsi. Family, twin, and adoption studies indicate that schizophrenia has a strong genetic basis.C. Brain Featuresi. Some people with schizophrenia have certain brain features that may help produce the disorder. ii. Ventricular size is increased in an affected brain, shown here on the right. D. Neurochemical Featuresi. One of the most prominent theories of schizophrenia is that an excess of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, especially dopamine, causes symptoms.E. Cognitive Deficitsi. Brain changes and other biological factors may help explain why many people with schizophrenia have several key cognitive deficits. ii. Key deficits include memory, attention, learning, language, and executive functions such as problem-solving and decision-making