Psych 2510 1ST EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (August 28)- What is psychopathology?Psychopathology is the study of mental problems in an effort to see how disorders develop and continue and how they can be prevented or alleviated.- There is a relationship between abnormal behavior and mental illnessAbnormal behavior is considered maladaptive and thus interferes with a person’s life, including ability to care for oneself, have good relationships with others, and function well at school or at work. This inability is related to mental illness.- What are the major criteria for abnormal behavior, and what are the strengths and weaknessesof each definition? (Understand key criteria used to determine if an emotion, thought, or behavior is abnormal)Defining Abnormality:1. Deviance from the norm2. Difficulties adapting to life’s demands or difficulties functioning effectively (including dangerous behavior), and 3. Experience of personal distress. - What are the major dimensions or indicators of psychopathology?Dimensions underlying mental disorders:A. Emotions – how do you function emotionally, copping, no emotions, etc.B. Cognitions – thinking styles, how do you picture the world, pessimistic, etc.C. Behaviors – impulsive behaviors, addiction, not behaving appropriately for the situation, etc.- How prevalent are mental disorders? What is a mental disorder? A psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not typical or culturally expected.Prevalence – nearly 25% of people could be diagnosed, over the span of a lifetime 40%.- What were the early theories about the causes of (etiology of) abnormal behavior or mental disorder?A. Early theoreticiansThey saw deviant behavior as a battle of good versus evil. Mental was caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, and sorcery. Treatments: exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries B. Greek and Roman ThoughtHippocrates believed abnormal behavior was a physical disease. Their theory of mentalillness: imbalance of humors leads to psychopathology. Thus, they linked abnormality with brain chemical imbalances.Treating abnormal behavior focused on creating therapeutic environments via health diets, exercise, massage, and education; restore good healthC. Middle AgesEnd of middle Ages and beginning of the Renaissance, natural and scientific approaches to health and human behavior reemerged. Asylums were built for those with mental disorders, but generally provided poor care and treatment.- What led to the rise of moral therapy or the mental hygiene movement in the US?D. RenaissanceThe Renaissance marked the rise of moral therapy. Moral therapy/Mental hygiene is the science of promoting mental health and thwarting mental disorder through education, early treatment, and public health measures. This awareness of mental hygiene created a more human treatment of institutionalized patients and encouraged and reinforced social interaction.The Reform Movement further increased the knowledge of moral therapy.- What are the three types of prevention?1. Primary Prevention: A type of prevention targeting large groups of people who have not yet developed a mental disorder. The goal is to protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place2. Secondary Prevention: A type of prevention that addresses emerging problems while they are still manageable and before they become resistant to intervention. These interventions happen after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow the progress of disease (if possible) in its earliest stage3. Tertiary Prevention: A type of prevention aimed to reduce the severity, duration, and negative effects of a mental disorder after it have occurred. This focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and chronic musculoskeletal pain. - What are the different types of stigma?Self-Stigma: Stereotypes, prejudices, discrimination of the self; how you label yourselfPublic Stigma: Stereotypes, prejudices, discrimination of others Learning objectives of Chapter 1 include the following:- Understand key terms related to abnormal psychology, including mental disorder.- Understand key criteria used to determine if an emotion, thought, or behavior is abnormal.- Understand the concept of a dimensional approach to mental disorder.- Know the history of abnormal psychology from early perspectives to contemporary thought.- Understand key themes of the textbook to be discussed in subsequent chapters: dimensional perspective, prevention perspective, consumer perspective, and stigma.Lecture 2 (September 2) - What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?A phenotype is the observable characteristics of an individual, which can change over time, whereas a genotype is the genetic composition of an individual that is fixed at birth and received from one’s parents, such as eye color.- Major neurotransmitter systems and what they do (their function)The limbic system is a major neurotransmitter system that regulates emotions and impulses,controls thirst, sex, and aggression, and is important for several mental disorders. There are six major neurotransmitters associated with mental disorders and the behaviors they regulate. 1. Dopamine: Influences novelty-seeking, sociability, pleasure, motivation, coordination, and motor movement2. Serotonin: Processing of information; regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes3. Norepinephrine: Regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep4. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): Regulation of mood, especially anxiety, arousal, and behavior5. Acetylcholine: Important in motor behavior, arousal, reward, attention, learning, and memory6. Glutamate: Influences learning and memory- Relationships between id, ego, and superegoThe Superego’s guiding principal is morality. The Ego’s guiding principal is reality. TheId’s guiding principal pleasure. You learn to control your Id while listening to your superego in order to create your ego.- Types of anxiety and defense mechanismsConflict between the id, the ego, and the superego, otherwise known as intrapsychic conflict, can lead to anxiety and the formation of defense mechanisms. Examples of defense mechanisms are denial, rationalization, repression, and overcompensation,