Psych 2510 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 7 - 13Lecture 7 (September 25) What are Anxiety disorders?Anxiety disorders involve excessive worry, anxiety, or fear. What is Worry?Concern about future threat (thinking)What is Anxiety? Emotional state that occurs as a threatening event draws near.What is Fear?Intense emotional state that occurs as a threat is imminent or actually occurring.What three parts is anxiety composed of? Physical feelings (arousal), thoughts, and behaviors.What are the Features of Anxiety Disorders?Panic attacks involve (1) intense physical feelings such as heart racing, sweating, and dizziness (2) Thoughts that one will lose control, go crazy, or die. Panic attacks may be uncued, situationally predisposed, or situationally bound.Anxiety-related DisordersWhat is a Panic disorder?Panic disorder refers to regular uncued panic attacks and worry about the consequences of these attacks. People with panic disorder may also have agoraphobia, or avoidance of situations where a panic attack might occur. Physical signs include, heart racing, sweating, dizziness. Thoughts include, lose control, go crazy, die. These panic attacks are uncued, situationally predisposed, and situationally bound, which means they only happens in certain, specific situations. What is the possible cause of panic disorder? Possible cause: problems with amygdala (which controls fear related response) What is Social phobia? (Social Anxiety Disorder)Social phobia refers to intense and ongoing fear of potentially embarrassing situations in the form of situationally bound panic attacks. Examples: being around others, eating around others, speaking in front of others What is Specific phobia?Psych 2510 1nd EditionSpecific phobia refers to excessive, unreasonable fear of an object or situation. Examples: animals, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational (enclosed spaces)What is Generalized anxiety disorder?Generalized anxiety disorder refers to extreme levels of persistent, uncontrollable worry (e.g. 6 months). At least 3 of the following must be present; restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems Obsessive Compulsive-related disorders What is Obsessive-compulsive disorder? Obsessive-compulsive disorder refers to the presence of obsessions, or troublesome and recurring thoughts. One experiences doubt, need for order, aggressive impulses, sexual images. This refers to the presence of compulsions, or physical or mental acts performed in response to an obsession to lessen distress. These compulsions include things such as, checking, organizing, counting, and hand washingWhat is Body dysmorphic disorder?A somatoform disorder marked by excessive preoccupation with some perceived body flaw.Trauma-related DisordersWhat is Posttraumatic stress disorder?Posttraumatic stress disorder refers to constant re-experiencing of a traumatic event. Intrusion symptoms: images, memories, nightmares, flashbacks, illusions, or other ways. Avoidance of thoughts/places/behaviors associated with trauma. One experiences negative alterations in cognition and mood, increased physiological arousal (hyper-vigilance, trouble sleeping, irritability, startle). Symptoms must be occurring for at least 1 month. Chapter 5: Learning Objectives- Develop an understanding of the major features and epidemiology of the anxiety disorders.- Understand the major risk factors associated with anxiety disorders, including genetics and other biological factors as well as cognitive and learning experiences.Psych 2510 1nd Edition- Be exposed to different methods of preventing anxiety disorder in children and adults.- Recognize different assessment methods pertinent to anxiety disorders.- Understand major biological and psychological approaches to treating anxiety disorders as well as long-term outcome.- Compare and contrast these anxiety disorders: Panic disorder; social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD- Panic attack vs panic disorder- Cued vs un-cued panic attack- Types of specific phobias (5)- Common types of obsessions- Common types of compulsions- Age, sex, and demographic features of anxiety disorders- Biological causes of anxiety disorders: brain pathways, neurotransmitter systems- Cognitive and personality risk factors- Major forms of treatment of anxiety disordersLecture 8 (September 30)What is Separation anxiety disorder?Separation anxiety disorder refers to children with excessive worry about being away from home or from close family members. The disorder may be associated with school refusal behavior. Anxiety Disorders: EpidemiologyHow common are anxiety disorders? Anxiety disorders are common to the general population and especially females. When do most anxiety disorders develop? Many anxiety disorders develop at age 19-31 years. Are anxiety disorders comorbid often? Anxiety disorders are often associated with other anxiety disorders, depression, and substance abuse.Anxiety Disorders: CausesWhat are the Biological Risk factors for anxiety disorders?Psych 2510 1nd EditionBiological risk factors include, genetic contributions, brain and neurochemical changes, behavioral inhibitionWhat brain areas have been implicated in anxiety disorders?Several brain areas have been implicated in anxiety disorders, especially the amygdala and septal-hippocampal regions, which are associated with physical arousal, emotion, and memories surrounding fearful and anxiety provoking stimuli. What does the Amygdala do?The amygdala is in charge of evaluation of threat/experience of fear; strong negative emotions; arousal; startlesWhat is the Septal-hippocampal region?The Septal-hippocampal region is the part of brain associated with assisting person in response to threat (e.g. fight or flight)What are the neurotransmitter systems involved with anxiety disorders?o Serotonin: related to depression and anxietyo Norepinephrine: people with anxiety have over activation of this and thus high arousal and high alerto Cortisol-threat: related to stresso GABA – inhibits (restrains) nerve cells related to anxiety (if you don’t have enough then you will be more anxious)What are other brain areas specific to certain anxiety disorders?The anterior cingulate in obsessive-compulsive disorder and the locus coeruleus in panic disorder. What is behavioral inhibition?Behavioral inhibition