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Mizzou PSYCH 2510 - Mood disorders

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Psych 2510 1nd Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. What are mood disorders?II. Major Depressive DisorderIII. Dysthymic DisorderIV. Manic episode/Hypomanic episodeV. Bipolar DisorderVI. Cyclothymic DisorderVII. SuicideVIII. Epidemiology of Mood DisordersOutline of Current Lecture IX. Risk factors of Mood disordersX. Prevention of Mood disordersXI. Assessment of Mood DisordersXII. Treatment of Mood Disorders Current LectureI. Risk Factors for Mood Disorders A. Biological risk factors for mood disorders include:i. Genetics, neurochemical and hormonal differences; sleep deficiencies, and brain changes. ii. Brain features1. Depressiona. Reduced activity in prefrontal cortexThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Increased activity of amygdala2. Bipolara. Increased activity in anterior cingulate (associated with motor activity)iii. Neurotransmitters 1. Depressiona. Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine (motivation level, emotional state)2. Bipolara. High norepinephrine, high dopamineB. Environmental risk factors for mood disorders include:i. Stressful and uncontrollable life events (severity and meaning are important)ii. Cognitive factors 1. Negative thought processes and misattributions2. Cognitive distortions3. Negative cognitive triad4. Hopelessness and helplessness iii. Problematic interpersonal relationships1. Poor social skills2. Romantic conflictiv. Parent and family factors that help create an unstable living environment for a child1. Expressed emotion (highly critical, conflict, over-involvement)C. Cultural and evolutionary factors may also be influential. D. Evidence indicates that mood disorders result from a combination of (1) early biological factors and (2) environmental factors related to ability to cope, think rationally, and develop competent social and academic skills.II. Prevention of Mood Disorders and SuicideA. Preventing mood disorders involves building one’s ability to control situations that might lead to depression. B. Declare one’s strengthsC. Manage stressD. Change unrealistic thoughtsE. Solve problemsF. Develop friendshipsG. Reduce conflictH. Enhance social skillsI. Coping skillsJ. Maintain prescribed medication (target medical issues)K. For example, the Resource Adolescent Program-Adolescents (RAP-A) involves an 11-step group approach.III. Assessment of Mood Disorders A. Interviewsi. Structured and unstructuredB. Self-report questionnairesi. Beck Depression inventoryii. Automatic thoughts questionnaireC. Self-monitoringi. Mood, events, reactionsD. Observations and information from therapists, spouses, partners, children, parents, and others are also important for assessing mood disorders. E. Physiological measurements (laboratory assessment)i. Dexamethasone test: people are injected with a corticosteroid to determine whether cortisol levels decline over time or remain high. F. Assessing risk of suicide is critical in mood disorders and often focuses on detail of suicide plan, access to weapons, and support from others.i. Assess sociodemographic risk factors (e.g. elderly, unmarried, white, male, living alone)ii. Ask about stressors (e.g. health, financial, marital, family, legal, and occupational)iii. Screen for depression and associated anxietyiv. Screen for alcohol abuseIV. Treatment of Mood DisordersA. Biological treatment of mood disorders includes:i. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)ii. Tricyclicsiii. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)iv. Mood-stabilizing drugs (lithium)v. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 1. Involves deliberately inducing a brain seizure to improve very severe depression.vi. Light therapy 1. Light therapy is often used for people with seasonal affective disorder. vii. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) involves placing an electromagnetic coil on a person’s scalp and introducing a current to relieve mood disorder symptoms.B. Psychological treatment of mood disorders includes:i. Behavioral approaches to increase activity and reinforcement from othersfor prosocial behavior. ii. Behavioral activationiii. Cognitive therapy 1. Mindfulness.iv. Interpersonal and marital and family therapists 1. Concentrate on improving a person’s relationships with others to alleviate symptoms of mood disorders.C. Long-term outcome for people with mood disorders is best when they receive early treatment, remain on medication, have fewer comorbid diagnoses, and experience good support from


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