Psych 2510 1nd Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Risk factors of Mood disordersII. Prevention of Mood disordersIII. Assessment of Mood DisordersIV. Treatment of Mood Disorders Outline of Current Lecture V. Body Dissatisfaction VI. Eating Disorders: Major FeaturesVII. Anorexia NervosaVIII. Bulimia Nervosa IX. Binge Eating DisordersX. Epidemiology of Eating Disorders XI. StigmaXII. Causes of Eating Disorders: biological XIII. Causes of Eating Disorders: environmentalXIV. PreventionXV. AssessmentXVI. TreatmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureI. Body dissatisfactionA. Body dissatisfaction refers to dissatisfaction or distress with one’s appearance, anoverinvestment in the way one appears, and avoidance of certain situations or things because they elicit body concernII. Eating Disorders: Major FeaturesA. Weight concerns, drive for thinnessB. Body dissatisfactionC. Eating Disorder: when weight concerns and body dissatisfaction are intense and affect behaviori. Eating problems include restricted eating or dieting and binge eatingIII. Anorexia NervosaA. People with anorexia nervosa refuse to maintain a minimum, normal body weight (85%)B. Have an intense fear of gaining weightC. Show disturbance in the way they view their body shape and weight D. Anorexia nervosa has been observed in countries around the world and does not appear to be culture-bound; bulimia nervosa is primarily found in Western cultures and may be a culture-bound disorder. E. Subtypesi. Restrictedii. Binge/purge (purge: induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics or enemas)IV. Bulimia NervosaA. Bulimia nervosa is marked by binge eating in small periods of time B. Lack of control in how one eats, excessive eating periods C. Must have at least 1 binge per week for at least a monthD. Inappropriate methods to prevent weight gain-compensatory behavior (purging)E. Self-evaluation greatly influenced by body shape and weight.F. Profile of Sara, a patient suffering from bulimia nervosaV. Binge Eating DisorderA. Some people have recurrent episodes of binge eating but without compensatory behaviors like purging, excessive exercise, or fasting. B. People with binge eating disorder experience lack of control over eating during a certain period that leads to discomfort.VI. Epidemiology of Eating DisordersA. Women are about 10 times more likely to have anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa than men, and many people with an eating disorder do not seek treatmentB. May be culturally boundC. Comorbid disorders: mood, anxiety, personality, drug useVII. StigmaA. People often view those with eating disorders as responsible for their behavior, which may stigmatize this population.B. These are stigmatizing statements, and the percentages to which people agree with them. VIII. Causes of Eating Disorders: BiologicalA. Eating disorders have some genetic basis, but environmental risk factors are also important in the development of these disorders.B. The brain structures most likely involved in eating problems are the hypothalamus and amygdala; serotonin, dopamine, and endogenous opioids are also influentialC. Genetic Predisposition: AN(28-74%), BN(54-83%), BE(41-57%)D. Lateral hypothalamus associated with weight and appetite changes; interacts with amygdalaE. Serotonin (satiety), dopamine (pleasure), endogenous opioids (craving)F. Personality traits: perfectionism, impulsivityIX. Causes of Eating Disorders: EnvironmentalA. Perfectionism and impulsivity are personality-based risk factors for eating disorders, as are certain family characteristics and media exposure to the thin ideal.B. Body dissatisfaction and body image disturbance are cognitive features that put people at risk for developing eating disorders.C. Cultural factors affect eating disorder as well; bulimia nervosa appears to be a culture-bound syndrome, whereas anorexia nervosa does not.D. The diathesis-stress model is a useful way of integrating various biological and environmental risk factors for eating disorders.E. Family: controlling, conflictual, expressed emotionF. Media exposure to thin idealG. Cognitive: body dissatisfaction and body image disturbancesH. Cultural: Western culture, African American women less dissatisfied with bodyX. PreventionA. Eating disorder prevention programs target one or more risk factors and are modestly successful at reducing risk for eating disorders. B. 51% reduce risk factors, 29% reduce eating disorder symptomsC. Some prevention programs are administered over the internet and work to reduce excessive weight concerns and body dissatisfaction.XI. AssessmentA. Interviews, self-report questionnaires, self-monitoring, and physical assessment.B. Electronic diaries can be used to monitor eating behavior, moods, thoughts, and concernsXII. TreatmentA. Aims: returning to a healthy weight; increasing motivation to restore healthy eating patterns; providing education about healthy eating; aiding recognition of problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; enlisting support from others; andpreventing relapse.B. Controlled weight gain and medication are prominent biological approaches to treating eating disorders.C. Family and cognitive behavioral therapies are the most effective psychological treatments for eating disorders. i. Part of cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on interrupting the binging and purging cycles by questioning social standards for attractiveness, challenging beliefs that encourage food restriction, and developing normal eating habits.XIII. OutcomeA. Of the eating disorders, the prognosis, course, and treatment outcome for bulimia nervosa is most favorable, followed by binge eating disorder and anorexia nervosa.B. Anorexia Nervosa: highest mortality rate of any mental disorder (10%)i. 40% permanent damageC. Bulimia Nervosa: CBT successfully treats 30-50% of casesi. Medications may also be