Psych 2510 1nd Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Body Dissatisfaction II. Eating Disorders: Major FeaturesIII. Anorexia NervosaIV. Bulimia Nervosa V. Binge Eating DisordersVI. Epidemiology of Eating Disorders VII. StigmaVIII. Causes of Eating Disorders: biological IX. Causes of Eating Disorders: environmentalX. PreventionXI. AssessmentXII. TreatmentOutline of Current Lecture XIII. Substance use vs. Substance abuseXIV. Substance-related disordersXV. Types of Substances: DepressantsXVI. Types of Substances: StimulantsXVII. Types of Substances: OpiatesXVIII. Types of Substances: HallucinogensXIX. Types of Substances: Cannabis XX. Age and Drug UseXXI. Biological Risk factorsXXII. Environmental Risk FactorsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XXIII. Causes of Substance Abuse DisordersXXIV. PreventionXXV. AssessmentXXVI. TreatmentCurrent LectureI. Substance Use vs. Substance AbuseA. Many of us engage in substance use that somehow affects our behavior. B. Such use is normal and may not lead to significant problems if we use the drug carefully.II. Substance-related disorders A. Substance-related disorders include substance intoxication, abuse, and dependence and withdrawal. B. Substance intoxication is a reversible condition brought on by excessive use of alcohol or another drug. C. Substance abuse refers to repeated use of substances that lead to recurring problems D. Substance-related disorders, like other disorders, occur on a continuum of normal to severe disorder. E. Substance dependence refers to a maladaptive pattern of substance use potentially defied by tolerance and withdrawal.F. Substance withdrawal refers to maladaptive behavioral changes when a person stops using a drug.G. Tolerance refers to need to ingest greater amounts of a drug to achieve the same effect.III. Types of Substances: Depressants IV. Depressants inhibit the central nervous system, whereas stimulants activate the central nervous system.V. Video: Mark, a profile of substance use disorder. VI. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Characteristic facial features of individuals with fetal alcohol syndrome VII. Types of Substances: Stimulants A. Stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines.B. The pleasurable effects of meth are extremely intense and include strong euphoria, enhanced sexual drive and stamina, and lowered sexual inhibition. The drug helps stimulate pleasure centers in the brain to release large amounts of dopamine. C. Downsides include brain and liver damage, malnutrition, skin infections, immune system problems, convulsions, stroke, and death.VIII. Types of Substances: Opiates A. A commonly abused opiate, heroin is a strong opiate that leads to an increased risk of cancer and infertility.IX. Types of Substances: Hallucinogens A. Hallucinogens cause symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations, disorganized thinking, odd perceptions, and delirium.X. Types of Substances: Cannabis A. Heavy users of marijuana may become physically and psychologically dependent, and is also used as treatment for glaucoma and other medical symptoms. B.XI. Age and Drug UseA. Percentage of individuals by age using illegal drugs. XII. Biological Risk FactorsA. The mesolimbic pathway links to other brain areas central to addiction B. Geneticsi. Alcohol dependence: 40-60%ii. Sensitivityiii. Metabolism and cravingXIII. Environmental risk factorsA. StressB. Cognitive factors, learningC. Personality factors, family factors, cultural factors, evolutionary influencesXIV. Causes of Substance Use DisordersA. Distal factors are background factors that indirectly affect a person and can generally contribute to a mental disorder. B. Biological distal factors with respect to substance-related disorders include genetic predisposition and perhaps temperaments such as an impulsive personality. C. Environmental distal factors include association with deviant peers, problematic family relationships, parental drug use, culture, and early learning and drug experiences.D. Proximal factors are more immediate factors that directly affect a person and more specifically contribute to a mental disorder. E. Biological proximal factors include activation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway upon drug use.F. Environmental proximal factors include stress, depression, peer pressure, positive expectancies about substance use, and availability of substances.G. Proximal factors may also include consequences of drug use, both positive and negative. XV. PreventionA. Prevention of substance-related disorder can occur at the adult level, as with relapse prevention, or at the youth level to prevent abuse and dependence before they begin.XVI. AssessmentA. Assessing people with substance-related disorders often includes screening and motivational interviews as well as psychological testing and observations from others.B. Therapists also use psychological tests (MMPI-2) to screen and assess for drug use. Laboratory testing for substance-related disorders includes urine, blood, hair, saliva, and sweat screens for toxins. C. Recent alcohol use can be detected with Breathalyzers.XVII. TreatmentA. Biological treatment for substance-related disorders includes medications such asagonists, antagonists, partial agonists, and aversives. B. Inpatient and residential treatment for substance-related disorders focuses on short-term detoxification and rehabilitation.C. Brief interventions for substance-related disorders involve stabilizing or reducing substance use enough so more thorough forms of treatment can be applied.D. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance-related disorders involves modifying irrational cognitions about drug use and identifying and changing high-risk situations that could lead to relapse.E. Family, marital, and group therapies provide social support and reinforcement forabstinent behavior.F. Self-help groups involve meetings of people with similar substance abuse problems who share support and experiences to maintain abstinence. XVIII. Long-term OutcomeXIX. Treating people with substance-related disorders can be quite complicated and involve many pharmacological and psychological components. Relapse is also common in this population.XX. About half of people who seek treatment for a substance-related disorder successfully control the problem, but many people experience severe problems much of their