Psych 2510 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Cognitive-Behavioral ModelII. Sociocultural ModelIII. Diathesis-stress modelIV. Reciprocal gene-environment modelV. Field of neuroscienceVI. Sigmund FreudOutline of Current Lecture VII. DiathesisVIII. EpidemiologyIX. FactorsCurrent LectureI. Diathesis A. A biological or psychological predisposition to disorder.B. Diatheses are often genetic or biological, but some diatheses are psychological.a. Psychological predispositions such as impulsivity increase vulnerability to disorders like alcohol abuse or depression. b. The presence of stressors as well as a predisposition can produce psychological problems. c. Diathesis can influence a persons’ perception of stress (depression cog.) and our choice of experiences and life course (shy)d. Risk factors: the potential is there for everyone (dimensional in nature)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. Graph shows highest correlation between high level of stress (Independent Variable) and high impulsive predisposition (IV) and alcohol abuse (DV)C. A diathesis-stress model integrates theoretical perspectives of mental disorder and provides information about etiology (cause), treatment, and prevention. II. Epidemiology A. The study of patterns of disease or disorder in the general population. B. Incidence refers to number of new cases of a mental disorder within a specific time period a. Development of new casesC. Prevalence refers to all cases present during a specific time period (new OR existing)a. Prevalence rates will always be higher than incidence ratesb. *Know difference between incidence and prevalence for testD. Lifetime prevalence refers to proportion of those who have had a certain mental disorder at any time in their life up to the point they were assessed.E. About half of American adults have had a diagnosable mental disorder, though manyare not in treatment or have mild symptoms. a. NCS-R surveyed 10,000 people >18 all over the U.S. and found that 46.4% people have a lifetime dx of mental disorderi. Not everyone gets treatmentF. Levels of severity are measured by certain features, such as a suicide attempt marking serious severity. a. Different levels of severityG. Comorbidity is the presence of two or more disorders, and is strongly implicated in the severity of mental disorder a. Figure shows that those with three or more disorders also have increased severity. H. The average age of onset for a mental disorder occurs in adolescence and young adulthood, around the age of 14. a. Anxiety disorders: Avg. = 11b. Mood disorders: Avg. = 30c. Substance use: Avg. = 20d. Any DSM-IV Disorder: Avg. = 14I. Cohort effects are significant differences in disorder expression depending on demographics such as age or gender, and may be related to conditions that change over time, such as increased level of diagnosis or availability of alcohol. a. Generally, people who are 60+ years old as of 2005 have lower lifetime rates of anxiety, mood, or substance use disorders.J. Many people eventually seek treatment for a mental disorder but many delay treatment for several years.a. 41.1% of those with anxiety, mood, or substance use disorders sought treatment in the past yearb. On average, from the time of symptom onset to treatment was 10+ years!!!III. FactorsA. Risk factor a. An individual or environmental characteristic that precedes a mental disorder and is correlated with that disorder. (Must precede onset of problem)b. Can be fixed (gender) or dynamic (social support)c. Identification of risk factors can help with prevention and with treatmentd. Agei. > Risk starts at age 18e. Educationi. Those who do not complete high school are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with a mental disorderf. Employmenti. Higher risk for those unemployedg. Genderi. Men > risk for substance abuse and antisocial personality disorderii. Women > risk for mood/depressive and anxiety disorders; > risk for more than one mental disorder at any point in time (comorbidity)h. Marital Statusi. > Risk for those with marital disruptioni. Race and Ethnicityi. No significant/specific differencesii. Not a good indicator of risk factorsj. For example, some risk factors associated with race and ethnicity includes body concerns and phobias being more common among African Americans than whites, while depression is less likely. In addition, Latino youth experience more anxiety-related and delinquency problems. B. Protective factors a. Associated with lower risk of mental disorder. b. Protective factors are the flip side of risk factors – they indicate lower risk of mental disorder.c. Individuali. Positive temperament, above average intelligence, social competence, spirituality or religiond. Familyi. Smaller family structure, supportive relationships with parents, good sibling relationships, adequate monitoring and rule-setting by parentse. Community or Sociali. Commitment to school, availability of health and social services, social