Psych 2510 1nd Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture I. Psychotic DisordersII. SchizophreniaIII. Subtypes of SchizophreniaIV. Other Psychotic DisordersV. EpidemiologyVI. Biological Risk FactorsOutline of Current Lecture VII. Environmental Risk Factors for Psychotic DisordersVIII. CausesIX. AssessmentX. Biological TreatmentsXI. Psychological TreatmentsXII. Long-term OutcomeCurrent LectureI. Environmental Risk Factors for Psychotic DisordersA. Environmental risk factors for psychotic disorders include prenatal complications,disease, famine, stressful life events, and substance abuse.B. People with schizophrenia, especially early-onset schizophrenia, tend to have hadmore complications during prenatal development than the general population. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. Biological and environmental risk factors can make a person vulnerable to having a psychotic disorder. These risk factors may produce early brain changes that, over time, do not allow a person to fully address life’s stressful and complex tasks.II. CausesA. One causal theory for psychosis is a neurodevelopmental model whereby an early disease state leads to key brain changes and stable psychotic symptoms.i. Biological vulnerabilities: ii. Key brain and neurochemical differencesiii. Psychological vulnerabilities iv. Stressful life eventsv. Possible psychotic disorder III. AssessmentA. Assessing people with psychotic disorders is important because of their complicated symptoms and is often based on family discussions and observations.B. Interviews have been created for people with psychotic disorders, though brief rating scales in the form of interviews are often employed.C. Behavioral observations of people with psychotic disorders often focus on social and self-care skills.IV. Biological TreatmentsA. Treating psychotic disorders often involves a biological approach first, and many typical and atypical neuroleptics drugs are available.i. Side effects, compliance, and relapse are common problems, however. V. Psychological TreatmentsA. Psychological treatments for people with psychotic disorders aim to improve quality of life and focus on:i. Milieu therapy-prosocial and self-care are emphasizedii. Token economy-skills are rewarded with points, exchanged for privilegesiii. Cognitive-behavioral and supportive psychotherapies iv. Compliance with medicationv. Social skills trainingvi. Cognitive and vocational rehabilitationvii. Family therapyVI. Long-term OutcomeA. Long-term outcome for people with psychotic disorders is best for:i. Femalesii. Those with: less severe prenatal complications and brain volume reductioniii. Less neurological soft signsiv. Less severe positive symptomsv. Fewer side effects of medicationvi. Shorter length of untreated symptomsvii. Above average intelligenceviii. Good social skillsix. Clear trigger such as a stressful life event. B. 90% relapse within 5 years but, 74% improve over time,