Psych 2510 1nd Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Environmental Risk Factors for Psychotic DisordersII. CausesIII. AssessmentIV. Biological TreatmentsV. Psychological TreatmentsVI. Long-term OutcomeOutline of Current Lecture VII. Developmental DisordersVIII. Features and Epidemiology of Developmental DisordersIX. Causes and Prevention of Developmental DisordersX. Assessment and Treatment of Developmental DisordersXI. Disruptive Behavior DisordersXII. Features and Epidemiology of Disruptive Behavior DisordersXIII. Causes and Prevention of Disruptive Behavior DisordersXIV. Assessment and Treatment of Disruptive Behavior DisordersCurrent LectureI. What are Developmental Disorders?A. Developmental disorders involve delay in normal maturity, especially with respect to intellect, cognition, learning, and methods of self-care.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Features and EpidemiologyA. Mental retardation is a common form of developmental disorder involving early deficits in cognitive ability and adaptive functioning.B. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder involving severe impairments in social interaction and communication as well as bizarre behavior patterns. C. Other pervasive developmental disorders include Asperger’s disorder, which is similar in some ways to autism, as well as Rett’s and childhood disintegrative disorders, which involve periods of normal development followed by regression. D. Learning disorders are limited developmental disorders involving deficits in a subject like reading, math, spelling, or writing. E. Mental retardation appears more common in less developed than wealthier nations and among people of low socioeconomic statusIII. Causes and Prevention A. Biological risk factors for developmental disorders include genetic contributions, chromosomal aberrations, prenatal teratogens, perinatal problems, and induction and migration brain defects.B. Environmental risk factors for developmental disorders include family variables and traumatic brain injury. C. Biological and environmental risk factors can create brain changes that impair cognition and ability to live an independent life. D. Preventing developmental disorders often involves genetic testing and counseling, prenatal care, newborn screening, early medical care for babies, accident prevention, and delivering educational services to at-risk children and parents.IV. Assessment and TreatmentA. Cognitive assessment for people with developmental disorders includes intelligence, neuropsychological, and achievement tests. Interviews and rating scales for people with developmental disorders cover current functioning as well as needs, support systems, and behavior problems.B. Direct observation is often used to assess frequency and severity of problem behaviors but can also be used to examine adaptive and academic behaviors. C. Medications for people with developmental disorders are sometimes used for explosive behaviors, seizures, and symptoms of comorbid problems. D. Psychological treatment for people with developmental disorders includes attention and language training, socialization training, self-care skills training, andacademic tutoring.E. Treatments for problem behaviors in people with developmental disorders include time-out, token economy, differential reinforcement of incompatible or other behavior, restitution and practice positive overcorrection, and punishment.F. Long-term functioning of many people with developmental disorders is difficult, but good prognostic signs include early language and intervention, higher intelligence, and less severe disorder and neurological impairment V. Disruptive Behavior DisordersA. Many children may be described as rambunctious, but some have disruptive behavior disorders involving inattention, impulsivity, overactivity, aggression, andnoncompliance.VI. Features and EpidemiologyA. Oppositional defiant disorder refers to noncompliance, hostility and anger toward others, argumentativeness, and bullying behavior, among other symptoms.B. Conduct disorder refers to intense problems of aggression, property destruction, lying and stealing, and status violations C. Disruptive behavior disorders are common and seen more in boys than girls. The problems seem universal and are often comorbid with one another. VII. Causes and PreventionA. Evidence strongly supports a genetic basis for ADHD but less so for conduct disorder.B. Imbalances of dopamine and norepinephrine have been noted in ADHD and low serotonin has been noted in conduct disorder.C. Youths with disruptive behavior disorders may have smaller brain areas as well askey differences in the prefrontal cortex and other areas. D. Prenatal teratogens implicated in disruptive behavior disorders include maternal drug use.E. Family conflict, poor parenting practices, and association with deviant peers seem especially related to conduct disorder but may also apply to cases of ADHD.F. Causal theories for disruptive behavior disorders focus on multifactorial models that include biological predispositions and environmental risk factors as well as various pathways that can lead to ADHD or conduct disorder. VIII. Assessment and TreatmentA. Methods to assess youths with disruptive behavior disorders include interviews, rating scales, and behavioral observations.B. Biological treatment of disruptive behavior disorders includes stimulant medication to address deficits or imbalances in dopamine and norepinephrine.C. Parent training for treating disruptive behavior disorders involves defining behavior problems, providing appropriate consequences for child behavior, givingeffective commands, and increasing supervision of a child and contact with school officials.D. School-based behavior management of disruptive behavior problems is often done in coordination with parent training and focuses on methods of helping children enhance control over their behavior.E. Social and academic skills training is used to help youths control impulses and anger and develop better social and academic skills.F. Residential treatment is sometimes used for severe cases of adolescent disruptive behavior disorder and includes placement in community-based settings with an eventual goal of returning a child to his home.G. Multisystemic treatment is a new strategy for addressing severe disruptive behavior problems by