Psych 315 1nd Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Judgment and Morals IIOutline of Current Lecture II. Procedural Justice III. Western Independent beliefIV. Western vs. Eastern Interdependent beliefV. The SelfVI. Studies on cultural differences Current Lecture  Procedural justice  Consistency – same procedures for all people (if you are giving out raises, they have to be the same for every one) Bias Suppression – No decision maker has a self-interest in the decision.  Accuracy – use accurate information to make decisions and have procedures to ensure accuracy.  Correctability – have an appeals process Justice that is relative to organizations, (Texas A&M)  Representativeness – having one’s concerns, values, and outlook considered at all phases of the procedure (e.g., allowing a person to have control over the presentation ofhis or her evidence) Representativeness is sometimes call “Voice” a more general terms for having a say in the decision making process.  Ethicality – compatibility with society’s basic moral values (We don’t torture people suspected of a crime to get information.)  Why is procedural justice important. A major reason is to get acceptance of decisions by those who disagree with them. Where is procedural justice of greatest concern? In the law. If you are following procedural justice, people are more likely to believe the organization is fair.  Informational Justice – communicating the nature of the process that led to a decision. Cultural Social PsychologyWestern, Independent Cultural beliefs:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Each person has a set of characteristic, distinctive features. People want to be different from others in important ways.- People like to be in control of their own behavior. They like situations in which choice and personal preference determine outcomes. - People are oriented toward personal goals of success; they find that relationships and group memberships can get in the way of success.- People strive to feel good about themselves; personal success and assurances that they havepositive qualities is important to their sense of well-being. - People prefer equality in personal relationships; when there is a hierarchy, they prefer the superior position- People believe that the same rules should be applied to everyone in all situations Western Independent vs. Eastern Interdependent Culture Values- Insistence on freedom of action vs. a preference for collective actions- A desire for individual distinctiveness vs. blending harmoniously into the group- A preference for egalitarianism and achieved status vs. an acceptance of hierarchy and ascribed status- A belief that the rules governing proper behavior should be universal vs. a preference for particularistic approaches that take context and relationships into account The Self- Self description in context vs. self-description independent of context- Self-Esteem – goal in interdependent cultures is to achieve harmony within a social network. There is no strong push from interdependent cultures to stand out or to have unique characteristics. Less pressure to be the best. Less push to feel that one is special or that one is unusually talented. There is pressure to fit in and live in harmony with others. - Self-criticism is a strong part interdependent cultures. Criticism is usually directed toward being better at fulfilling social responsibilities with the ultimate goal of social harmony. This is not a pathological form of self-criticism.- Feelings about in-groups and out-groups (helping; discrimination) – Eastern view promotes racism - Collective Action (working together) and Social Harmony is a major goal of social life. Prefer jobs in which no one is singled out for personal honor, but in which everyone works together. Prefer to retain organizational identity. Prefer to stay with same company. - More focused on others’ emotions and better at reading emotion. Experience more empathyfor others- Rules and laws seen as differing in different contexts. Eastern civil law is about finding compromise and maintaining harmony. - No concept of “lively discussion of differences.”- Causal Attributions- Dialectical Thinking and reasoning about contradiction – Asians seek a middle ground between contradictions, European Americans seek to determine the single best answer to situations involving contradiction. Empirical Studies of Cultural Differences Gardner’s priming studies Prime interdependence vs. interdependence in students in the U. S. Measure value preferences, individualistic vs. interdependent values (individualist values= freedom, independence, choosing own goals, living an exciting life, etc. vs. interdependent values = belongingness, friendship, family safety, respect for elders, etc.) Results; Priming led to endorsement of values consistent with priming Repeat study using U. S. and Hong Kong participants Same results in both cultures as in first study, interdependence priming stronger effects in U. S.; independence priming stronger effects in Hong KongKitayama’s study of frontier settlement Hokkaido’s settlement Correlation between engaging emotions (like friendly feelings) vs. disengaging emotions (like pride) with happiness Result #1: in U.S. experiencing disengaging emotions more correlated with happiness. In mainland Japan experiencing engaging emotions more correlated with happiness. What about Hokkaido? Engaging and disengaging were equally correlated with happiness.  Result # 2: U.S. participants made strong dispositional than situational attributions; mainland Japan residents made stronger situational attributions; Hokkaido residents? Like U. S., made stronger dispositional attributions Spencer-Rodgers’ study of self-esteem SE measured by 20 statements test Participants were Chinese, Asian Americans, European Americans Results: Number of positive vs. negative statements was high in the U.S. In Chinese participants, number of positive and negative statements about the same. Asian Americans fell between the Chinese and the European Americans. Why? Dialectical thinking. People in China had highest dialectical thinking scores; People in U. S. had lowest, and Asian Americans fell in between