Psych 315 1nd Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Moral Judgments IOutline of Current Lecture II. VolunteerismIII. Kohlberg’s TheoryIV. Moral judgments: impulse and emotionV. 5 bases of moral judgmentsVI. Relative Deprivation VII. Distributed Justice Current LectureCulture and Helping People help each other cross culture. In the east people make bigger distinguish between their in group (friends, family) and out group (strangers). East Asian people are more helping to their in group than out group.  People with more social power have less altruism Money and altruism:o Study: they primed money by using fish and money. People who saw the fish were more likely to help and people who only saw the money were less likely to help.Belief in a Just World and Helping People High in this belief will help if they think the person in need of help did not cause his own troubles and they think they can help effectively Otherwise, people high in this belief “blame the victim” and see him or her as not worthy of help Volunteerism  Why do people volunteer? Express personal values; quest to understand people or circumstances; part of membership in certain organizations; enhance career; reduce guilt about being more fortunate; gain self-esteem or self-worth; demonstrate concern for individuals or groups  What keeps volunteers committed to their cause? Primarily self-oriented motives (e.g., personal development; self-esteem growth) How do volunteers benefit from volunteering?o Increase in the size of one’s social network (esp. for the elderly) Adolescents: Decline in anti-social behavior These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Life satisfaction increases Reduces depression Increase in self-esteem and self-confidence Increase in responsibility among young volunteers Among the elderly, helps fight off health problems. The more socially connected the elderly is, the better their health is. Costs of Volunteering Most of the time volunteering is a good thing, but sometimes it isn’t: Emotional Stress Stigmatization by being associated sometimes with stigmatized groups like alcoholics, AIDS patients, etc. How can we encourage altruism? Teach moral inclusion: Try to break down perceptual barriers between “us” and “them” Promote intergroup contact to teach inclusion Teach personal responsibility to combat responsibility diffusion Provide opportunities for young people to serve as helpers Kohlberg’s Theory Moral thought studied through resolution of dilemmas. How do we decided if something is fair or not fair. There are a series of stages about making moral judgments.  Stage 1 – Obedience and Punishment Orientation: Authorities make rules that we much follow to avoid punishment. (It’s wrong to steal because you can go to jail) Stage 2 – Individualism and Exchange: What is right is what best meets one’s own long or short-term self-interests. (Stealing the drug to keep your wife). Focused on what’s good for them.  Stage 3 – Good Interpersonal Relationships: People should live up to the expectations of thefamily and community, which means acting on good motives and positive interpersonal feelings such as love, empathy, trust, and concern for others. It also means carrying out the duties of one’s social roles as a good son, good husband, good doctor etc Stage 4 Maintaining the Social Order: At this stage, the individual becomes broadly concerned with society as a whole and the emphasis becomes obeying the laws and respecting authority so that social order is maintained Stage 5 – Social Contract and Individual Rights: Recognizing that laws may not always be right and may not always promote a good social order, people in stage 5 reason on the basis of what society’s laws and values should be instead of what they actually are. Not all laws are good. Start to question the law.  Stage 6 – Universal Principles: In this stage right and wrong are based on ideas about justice that are considered to be right for all peoples at all times. They are principles, unlike ordinary laws, that cannot be changed by democratic agreement. An example that most people might endorse is the right to life.  Most adults are in stage 3 and 4.  As you increase in stages, you become a better and more abstract adult.Moral and Judgments are driven by impulse and emotion Moral judgments are often made very rapidly Making moral judgments involves brain areas that are related to emotion Damage to certain brain areas leaves moral reasoning (like Kohlbergian reasoning) intact but disrupts moral behavior because it takes away emotion based intuition about what to do. Without emotion, individuals don’t act morally. Moral judgments are made as early as 10 months old. (See a doll that helps another doll climb a hill or hinders a doll from climbing a hill. Child prefers to play with helper doll.) Manipulate emotions and you manipulate moral judgments People sometimes can not explain their moral judgments  Research shows that people make up their minds on moral issues based on emotion and do deliberative thinking only to reinforce their intuitive judgments. Example, religion and homosexuality. Is the the religious teachings that make people against homosexuality or do you use religion to justify your decision. Arguments have little effect on people’s positions. People find it difficult even painful to consider arguments that oppose their positions. Most morally decision we make we do not stop to think about.  I am not saying we never engage in deliberative thought or that it never makes a difference. Ijust want you to recognize that emotion and intuition are very important as well.  5 bases for moral judgments 1. Harm/care – concerns for the suffering of others. 2. Fairness/reciprocity– concern about unfair treatment, cheating, and more abstract notions of justice and rights. 3. In-group loyalty – Concerns related to obligations of groups memberships, such as loyalty, self-sacrifice, and vigilance against betrayal. 4. Authority/respect – concerns related to social order and obligations of hierarchical relationships such as obedience, respect, and fulfillment of one’s role based duties5. Purity/sanctity – concerns about physical and spiritual