Psych 315 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. AggressionOutline of Current Lecture II. Kinds of RacismIII. TheoriesIV. Personality and Prejudice V. Empathy and PrejudiceVI. Attributional Ambiguity VII. Hostile and Benevolent Sexism Current Lecture- Is prejudice disappearing in the U. S.?o It has disappeared some and it has also changed its from o 1942 desegregation on public transportationo 1942 fewer than 33% of Americans supported school segregationo 1958 about 50% of Americans said that would vote for an African American presidential candidateo 2004 7,749 hate crimes in the U. S. o 64 hate groups in Texas; 34 in Mississippio The ratio of Miss and Texas’s hate groups; Mississippi has more. o Half of African Americans say they have been discriminated against in last 30 dayso Have made much progress in last 60 – 70 years; far from an ideal state yetKinds of Racism - Old Fashioned Racism: black and white, in your face racism. Its declining - Aversive Racism: unconscious, unaware, they don’t want to be prejudice o Endorse equal treatment for allo Unacknowledged, often unconscious, negative feelings toward out-groupso Unaware of prejudiced behavioro Do not want to be prejudiced o Will only show prejudice when it is not obvious that they are acting on prejudice - 2 studies of aversive prejudiceo Job qualifications study: if candidates had a strong or weak resume, there was no racism. But, if candidates had a mediocre resume, there was racism. o Helping alone and in groups study – help less in groups. When responsibility was diffused, they showed more adversive racism and were less likely to help the black person. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Assessing Unconscious Prejudice – Fazio’s study: When participants were primed with a black face and bad work reaction time was faster. When showed a black face and a good work reactiontime slower. When primed a white face and a good work reaction time was fast. Showed a white face and a bad word: reaction time slower. The black participants had exact opposite results. Each group was bias on their own race. o Reactions to Af/Am experimenter: black experimenter felts more comfortable with low adversive racism participants. o Responsibility for LA riotso Meta-analysis of unconscious measures of prejudice and behavioro Project Implicit – Uses IAT as a measure- Where do implicit attitudes come from?- Classical conditioning- The remains old attitudes that have since changed- What experiences lead to + vs. – implicit attitudes toward Af/Am among whites?o More positive interactions in high school o Direct experience instead of mediaTheories - Realistic Group Conflicto An economic theoryo Prejudice increases when economic competition between a majority and a minority group increases- Realistic Conflict theory predicts: o More prejudice in harder economic timeso More prejudice among lower SES members of the majority group because they are in more direct economic competition with the minority group.o Both predictions are true. - Robbers’ Cave Study as an Example of Conflict leading to Prejudice: created prejudice in groups.There were 2 groups in different areas. When groups interacted with each other, they were biased to the other group. o How do reduce prejudice? Superordinate goals and reduction of prejudice. Both groups had to work together to fix the water. o The Military: lowest levels of prejudice. They have to constantly work together. - Social Identity Theory (Self-Esteem)o We get part of our self-esteem from the esteem in which our groups are held.o For your group to be seen as high status, other groups have to be seen as low status. o You can derogate other groups in your own mind and elevate the status of your group.o And that should elevate your self-esteemo What groups make good targets for derogation? Out-groups, of course, and one kind of out group is a racial/ethnic/religious/etc. minority group. - Studyo People in so-called IQ test study learn they did well or poorlyo Same people watch a woman interviewing for a job.o They were asked to rate her interview performanceo Half of people learned that the woman was a Jew, an out-group member to themo People whose Self-esteem was lowered by learning they did poorly on an IQ test, downgraded the interview performance of the woman, if they thought she was a Jew. o If groups A and Group B see each other as out-groups, they can both feel better by downgrading the other. The one whose self-esteem is the lower or most fragile will downgrade the other more. - In-group favoritism (The minimal group studies): studied by accident. The group didn’t have a lotin common. Grouped people if they underestimate and overestimate. It turns out that even groups they were weak, still functioned as a group. - Money awarding study: more points= more money. Regardless of performance, gave own group more points . We favor our own groups the most, which contributes to prejudice. o Slightly more to in-group members- Frustration/Aggression Theory of Prejudice: life isn’t going as planned, which leads to frustration. We want to act aggressive but we cant always. Therefore, we sometimes displace our frustration when we hold it in. We displace it on people with little social power. This is another source of prejudice. - Frustration -> Anger; Anger increases probability of aggression- Aggression cannot always be directed at the source of one’s frustration. o The source is too powerfulo The source is an institutiono The source can’t be identified- The aggression, therefore, gets displaced often to groups or members of groups who have little social power. Some minority groups may fill this role for some people. Personality and Prejudice- Authoritarianism- Submission – A high degree of submissiveness to the authorities who are perceived to be established and legitimate in the society in which one lives - Aggression – a general aggressiveness directed against deviants, out-groups, and other people that are perceived to be targets according to established authorities- Conventionalism – a high degree of adherence to the traditions and social norms that are perceived to be endorsed by society and its established authorities, and a belief that others in one’s society should also be required to adhere to these norms. Very punishment oriented; willing