Psych 315 1nd Edition Lecture 12Outline of Current Lecture i. Types of aggressionii. 4 Sources of Eviliii. Biology of aggressioniv. Frustration v. Teaching aggressionvi. Culture of HonorCurrent LectureAggression Chapter 12- Hostile Aggression springs from anger. There are two kinds of aggression. Hostile and instrumental. o Instrumental Aggression aims to injure but as a means to some other end. - Age, Gender, and Continuity o Physical Aggression Peaks at age 3 and declines from there for most childreno Verbal Aggression becomes prominent in the elementary school years. Higher for girls than boys.o Problems with aggression shown in the elementary and junior high years are highly stableo People that are aggressive; stay aggressive. - Aggression is often divided into direct and indirect. Males are higher than females in direct aggression, females are higher than males in indirect aggression, including relational aggression. Males= direct aggression. Females = indirect aggression. - Relational aggression: females have more of this aggression, which involves, gossiping and influences others relationships. 4 Sources of Evil1. Instrumentality: Evil Acts as a Means to an End. We use aggression to benefit self/ o A way to resolve a conflicto Effective in the short-term; usually ineffective in the long-termo Probably not the most significant source of evil acts 2. Threatened Egoism: We attack others who have wounded our pride: Narcissistso National pride and war: Germany after WWI? When Germany was humiliated. There self- esteem was damaged. May have motivated WWIIThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Idealism: Doing bad to do good: Killing bad people to create an ideal world. Most important one ***. o Hitler and the Holocaust: Hitler wanted to create a better Gemany, only way he could do that was kill the Jews. o Pol Pot and Cambodia: moved his country to the basic society. Started to hill peop,e that were in the upper part of society (Professors, students, Lawyers)o Islamic Extremists o Hollywood and the Dirty Harry Mentality: Breaking the law to preserve the law 4. Sadism (Marquis De Sade and the Catalog of Sexual Perversions, including sexual violence) sadism = pleasure from inflicting pain. Associated with Sexuality. o Normally a natural revulsion from inflicting pain: German soldiers were able to harmpeople because they become desensitized to horror and killingo The developmental path to sadism is unclearBiology- Neuroscientists have found brain areas in humans that encourage and inhibit aggression.- Some people are more inclined to be aggressive than others. - The prefrontal cortex, which inhibits aggressive impulses from deeper brain areas is smaller and less active among imprisoned murderers and men with anti-social personalities. Genetics- Can breed lines of mice and other species to produce very aggressive and very passive animals- In Sweden, study of siblings of convicted violent criminals found to be 4 times more likely to be convicted of violent crime. Not true of adopted siblings.- Identical twins, if one has violent criminal record, the probability that the other does is .50. - Identical twins more likely than fraternal twins to have “violent tempers.” Other Biological Factors- Testosterone= aggression- Teenagers and young adult males with higher testosterone are more aggressive.- Testosterone is higher for prisoners convicted of violent crimes- In violent males, reduce levels of testosterone, reduce levels of aggression- After men reach age 25, both testosterone and aggression decline together- Prenatal exposure to testosterone may explain sex differences in violent aggressionEvolutionary Explanation of Sex Differences in Aggressiono Females are selective about mate choices because of the heavy investment that they make in the reproductive process. Females are the selectors, males are the beggars. o Males thus compete with other males to be selected by females among humans and in the animal kingdom at large.o The competition is for status among other males. In ancestral times being bigger, stronger, more dominate physically provided status and access to mating. Thus males were selected for qualities that encouraged at least some aggression whereas females were noto Serotonin is a neurotransmitter.o Low levels of serotonin reduces the ability to inhibit impulsive responses to aversive conditions or provocations.o ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a biologically based condition that is associated with aggression. More aggressive. Inability to control hyperactivity. More likely to be outcasts in society There seem to be 2 reasons for the association: a) impulsivity b) failure, frustration, social rejection, affiliation with deviant peer groups Frustration- Initial Frustration-Aggression Theory. Frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression but it is morelikely to lead to anger. Anger leads to frustration if there are cues to trigger it. - Modern Frustration-Aggression Theory- Frustration -> Anger -> Aggression if there are cues to Aggression in the environment- Relative Deprivation – comparing yourself to others and seeing yourself as deprived and believing that your deprivation is unfair - Base Cause of many riots in U. S. cities, often triggered by specific incident- Base cause of social unrest and social movements, even non-violent ones like the civil rights movement Other Triggers of aggression- Pain – hand in cold water; blast with white noise - Heato What summer heat is high in U. S. violent crime is more likelyo Across the Northern Hemisphere, more violent crime in: hotter seasons, hotter years, hotter cities, and hotter regionso A study in Phoenix in summer showed that people in cars without air conditioning were more likely to honk at a stalled car. Physiological arousal – intensifies emotions, including anger, and makes aggression more likely. - The gun effect:o A person was insulted and had a chance to retaliate by giving electric shocks to the insulter. A shotgun and a handgun were present or were not when the person was givingthe shocks. If present, the person gave higher levels of shocks. - War and Post-War homicide: Study of 37 nations at war from WWI to Vietnam. After war ended 27 saw increase in homicide rate and 10 saw decrease.