Psych 315 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (September 2)Introduction to social psychologySocial psychology: a science based on our thoughts, feelings and behaviors by others. It is a social influence. The goal is to identify universal properties of human nature that makes everyone susceptible to social influences, regardless of social class or culture.What is prediction vs. Explanation? Social psychologist try to aim to predict rather than explain, meaning they want to predict what will happen before it happens. Key Terms: - High sight bias: people tend to exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after knowing after it occurred- The available Heuristic: a mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind.- Implicit attitudes: involuntary, uncontrollable and unconscious- Explicit attitudes: they are consciously endorsed and easily reported Lecture 2 (September 4) Research Methods:The characteristics of science vs. Pseudoscience: Pseudoscience are claims not backed by evidence, emphasis on confirmation not falsification, imprecise terminology, claims that do not accommodate new evidence, no peer review, and an overreliance on ad hoc (after the fact) explanations for negative findings. Different kinds of research in social psychology: - Observation research: describing and watching what a particular group of people or type of behavior is likeo Ethnography: understanding a group by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions they might haveo Inter judge reliability: level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe and code a set of data. - Archival analysis: examined documents or archives of a culture. Not very popular in social psychology- Experimental research: using a control group, independent and dependent variables, test subjects and a sample to test a hypothesis- Meta- analysis: study different kinds of studies. Scientist take the average of several similar studies to produce resultsExternal and Internal Validity: was the study done right?? External: will study represent population? Internal: how well a study was done. It avoids confounding (more than one independent variable acting at the same time) Independent and dependent variables IV: is what you control in the experiment and it makes the causeDV: is the effect of what the independent variable does. Mediating variable: in between cause between two other variables. o Ex: A (poor impulse control) causes B (aggression at school) which cause C (rejection of peers)o B= mediating variableo If A didn’t cause B in this example, there will be no connection between A and C. Moderating variable: are the reasons why the original cause is connected to the effecto Ex: harsh parenting causes low self-esteem which causes poor lifetime social relationships which causes loneliness which causes poor healtho If A didn’t cause B in the example, then there would be no connection between A and CResearch Ethics: o Internal Review Board: verifies the study to see if it should be published and ifit followed the ethical guidelineso Informed Consent: having consent of sample before they participateo Confidentiality: all information that is recorded about the subject is kept confident to only the researcherso Deception: not letting on what the experiment is really about to the participants, in order for the experiment to work. o Debriefing: at the end of the experiment researches have to explain what the experiment was about and answer and question or concerns.Random assignment: a process ensuring that all participants have an equal change of taking part of any condition of an experiment; through random assignment, researches can be relatively certain that differences in the participants’ personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditionsProbability value: a number calculated with statistical techniques that tells researches how likelyit is that the results were by chance and not because of the independent variables; is to consider results significant if the probability level is less than 5 in 100 that the results might be due to chance factors and not the independent variables. The difference between field research and lab research: field research is when experiments are conducted in natural settings rather than the lab. In a lab experiment the researcher controls the independent variable. Field research is the same concept except in a natural setting. And the external validity is higher in field research because it represents the population more. Lecture 3 (September 8)Schemas and StereotypesSchemas are organized social information. They are mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world. They contain our basic knowledge and impressions that we can use to organize what we know about the work and interpret new situations. Stereotypes are broad generalizations about groups of people. May be inaccurate or accurate. – Ex: Cheerleaders are supposed to be energetic and popularSome effects of stereotypes– Stereotype threat: women aren’t good at math. Some women believe it and this stereotype threat prevents women to achieve mathematics. – Having negative attributes unfairly applied to you – The gun study– Self-fulfilling prophecies: people expect things about what another person is like; it influences how they act toward the person, and then causes the person to behave consistently with peoples original expectations, making expectations to be true.Schemas, Stereotypes and attributes • Memory for social knowledge is often reconstructive.• Schemas and stereotypes influence reconstruction. People remember how things should be. Judgment and Decision Making• Accessibility – making judgments based on the ease and speed of information recall. Because you can remember something fast, you tend to think it occurs more often. Schemas and concepts are at the front of the mind and therefore likely to be used when making judgments. • Schemas are accessible due to::– Past experiences– Related to current goal– Recent experience • Priming – A varied set of experimental research procedures that make selected information more available in the mind. The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility ofa schema.– Thoughts have to be accessible and applicable before they act as primes, exerting an