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TAMU PSYC 315 - Self
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Psych 315 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Current Lecture II. Identity stagesIII. Self- esteem and low self esteemIV. NarcissismCurrent LectureForming an Identity during adolescence and Young adult hood: Identity development is defined by these terms:1. Identity diffusion: at a point in life where you haven’t thought about who you are as a person. You are too young and immature to look into themselves. 2. Identity moratorium: stage where one begins to ask who you are as a person3. Identity Foreclosure: Accepted an identity based on what others tell you when you should be like. This is the opposite of attainment. You did not work out your identity yourself. This is an unhealthy development, you want to avoid this.4. Identity Attainment: You know your identity. You worked it out yourself. This is a healthy stage of psychological development.  Some people may enter identity foreclosure rather than attainment because one may not have a sense of security, they want to please others, or they have family pressure to go into a certain job or career. Characteristics of people with high self- esteem High Self-esteem (HSE) persist despite setbacks HSE have more and better friends HSE deal constructively with health threats HSE associated with psychological, social, and physical well-beingCharacteristics of people with low self esteemThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Low Self-esteem (LSE) Feeling of worth are conditional on recent experiences of success or failure.  LSE undermines social bonds which undermine physical health especially among older peopleContingent upon grades among college students Daily diary study focusing on self-esteem and disidentification with their major. Participants feel out forms every night based on their grades and self- esteem.  Feel that they can’t feel good about themselves unless they do good in school Psych and Engineering majors took part Basing self-esteem on grades led to drops in self-esteem on bad grade days. It also led to increases in self-esteem on good grade days, but the drop due to bad grades was greater than the increase due to good grades. Participants in the study also disidentified with their major on bad grade days, especially if they based their self esteem on grades.  These trends were stronger for women than me, and were especially strong for women in engineering. Why are women in engineering so vulnerable to the effects of bad grades when they base their self-esteem on grades? Because of the stereotype threat, or they are competing with mostly men. Also, they have more doubts about going into engineering more than men do because women usually do not go into engineering.  Others approval is negatively correlated. Meaning the more you base yourself on others approval the lower self- esteem you will have.  People that base their appearance on self- esteem are more neurotic, and narcissistic.  Base way to base your self- esteem on is family supportCosts of Pursuing (or Chasing) Self-Esteem: What are some of the potential costs? Has a lot of negative effects.  Reduces Autonomy: Feel Pressured by Internal or External Evaluation. Don’t feel free to do what you want to do.  Relationships: Creates a self-focus that can undermine relationships. Focus on yourself more than others.  Repeated drops in self-esteem, which seem unavoidable in most cases, can lead to habitual feelings of stress Leads to the avoidance of situations that threaten self-esteem. Limits to things you can do.  Changes learning experiences; emphasizes performance goals over learning/growth goals. Just trying to get the best grade, so that you will feel better and look better to others. Self-determination theory and the 3 needs of the self Autonomy Competency  Relationships Narcissism: Grandiose sense of self-importance, exaggerated sense of talent and achievements.  Fantasies of unlimited sex, power, brilliance, or beauty Exaggerated self-love Sense of entitlement Self- esteem, narcissism and aggression Study: Study 1 Sample: 11 – 14 year olds Self-esteem: self and teacher reports  Delinquency: self reports  Results:  Self-esteem was negatively correlated with aggressive and non-aggressive delinquency Correlation not due to poor parenting or lack of achievement Low self- esteem did not correlate to aggression Study 2 Sample: 11 – 13 year olds Measures: Self-reported self-esteem and self-reported anti-social behavior Results Self-esteem negatively correlated with anti-social behavior Not due to relationship with parents or peers or IQ or SES (social class) Study 3 Sample 11 – 13 year olds Measures: self reported self esteem; teacher reported aggressive behaviorSelf-esteem at age 11 was negatively correlated with aggression at age 13, but self-esteem at age 13 was not correlated with aggression at age 11 American Culture and Narcissism Narcissism on the rise since the mid 1980’s Also on the rise, worry, sadness, dissatisfaction, anxiety, and materialism Depression has been on the rise for a much longer time And yet, Americans rate their lives as pretty satisfying Why? Twenge: Increasingly people are using external bases of support for their self esteem such as others approval, appearance, and competition and less on internal bases like family support and virtue. External things lower self- esteem Increased materialism, which has been shown in studies to be associated with lower levels of happiness, and whose purpose is to give status to and bring admiration, which is part of the narcissistic syndrome  Unrealistic dreams of self-fulfillment brought about by media exposure Childrearing practices? Fewer confiding friendships Breakdown of family support


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