Psych 315 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Social Psychology II. Behavior is biological based III. Intuitive thoughtIV. Differences between other psychology Outline of Current Lecture V. Regulation of Gene TranscriptionA. Definition of regulon VI. Alternative Methods of Gene Regulation at the Transcriptional Level (Quorum Sensing and the Two- Component System)VII. Methods of Gene Regulation at the Translational LevelVIII. Introduction to MutationsCurrent LectureScience vs. Pseudoscience: claims not backed by evidence, emphasis on confirmation not falsification, imprecise terminology, claims that don’t accommodate new evidence, no peer review, an overreliance on ad hoc (after the fact) explanations for negative findingsHow do researchers test ideas?- Observation research: describing and watching what a particular group of people or typeof behavior is likeo Ethnography: understanding a group by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions they might haveo Inter judge reliability: level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe and code a set of data. - Archival analysis: examined documents or achives of a culture. Not very popular in socialpsychology- Experimental research: using a control group, independent and dependent variables, test subjects and a sample to test a hypothesis- Meta- analysis: study different kinds of studies. Scientist take the average of several similar studies to produce resultsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Elements of experimental research  Internal and External Validity: was the study done right? External: will study represent population. Internal: how well a study was done. It avoids confounding (more than one independent variable acting at the same time)  Independent variable: causes; dependent variable: effects Populations vs. Samples:  Population: refers to all possible subjects or measurements that are a interest to a particular study  Sample: the portion of the population that was selected to represent the population  Sample Size & Representativeness Sample size: asking as many people as you need to do a survey for the study so that you can have accurate results.  Representativeness: means asking the right people for a survey. Sample Variance: the differences between scores Ex: doctors score: 50, nurses score: 50 = no sample variance occured Within Group Variance and Between Group Variance Within group: Between group varianceThe steps to do a correct experimental research: 1. Get Sample 2. Create Treatment Conditions 3. Random Assignment to Treatment Conditions 4. Conduct Treatment 5. Assess ResultsCorrelation method: two variables that are systematicall measured and the relationship between them is assessed.- Measure the strength +1 – (-) 1= r (range). - Zero means there was no correlation - +1 or -1 means there was a perfect correlation- Positive correlation is when two variables increase or decrease togethero Ex: education and income levels - Negative correlation is when one variable increase and the other decreaseso Ex: printed pages and printer ink supplyExamples of correlation research: ice cream and crime or avoidance and partner knowledge Multiple causation Correlation and Causalityo A causes Bo B causes Ao C causes both A and B: low self-esteem causes depression; low self-esteem causes shyness; thus, shyness and depression are correlated, but neither causes the other.  Partial CorrelationsMediating variable: in between cause between two other variables. o Ex: A (poor impulse control) causes B (aggression at school) which cause C (rejection of peers)o B= mediating variableo If A didn’t cause B in this example , there will be no connection between A and C. Moderating variable: are the reasons why the original cause is connected to the effecto Ex: harsh parenting causes low self-esteem which causes poor lifetime social relationships which causes loneliness which causes poor healtho If A didn’t cause B in the example, then there would be no connection between A and CUnconscious Research Biaso Male/Female Researcher Bias in Conformity Researcho Bias by the desire to confirm one’s treasured hypothesisIntentional Bias o DeceptionResearch Ethics:o Internal Review Boardo Informed Consento Confidentiality: all information that is recorded about the subject is kept confident to only the researcherso Deceptiono Debriefing: at the end of the experiment researches have to explain what the experiment was about and answer and question or