Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. World Religions Pie/World Relgions By PopulationII. Standard Classification SchemeIII. Fluid BoundairesIV. Beyond the “Big 3”V. Contiuning InnovationsVI. SummaryVII. Monotheism in Judaism and ChristianityVIII. Doctrinal Dimension: God as a PersonOutline of Current Lecture IX. Contempory JudaismX. Jews, Jewish, and JudaismXI. 4 Major Historical PeriodsXII.Where: The Land of IsraelXIII. When: Early Biblical PeriodXIV. Important FactsXV. What Did the Israelites Believe?PHIL 1101st EditionXVI. The Hebrew Bible= TaNaKHXVII. The Torah 1 (Genesis) Complied 6th c. BCEXVIII. The Torah 11 (Genesis)XIX. The Torah III (Exodus)XX. The Torah IV (Leviticus)XXI. The Torah V (Numbers)XXII. The Torah VIXXIII. Prophets or Nevi’imXXIV. Prophets IIXXV. Prophets IIIXXVI. Sacred Writings of Ketuvim (tanaKh)XXVII. Conception of YHWH (Israel God)XXVIII. Biblical God as a PersonXXIX. Final PointCurrent LectureXXX. Contempory Judaisma. 14 million Jews around the worldb. Representing about 2% of the populationc. Most live in Israel (49%), 39% in the US, the rest everywhere elseXXXI. Jews, Jewish, and Judaisma. 78%= Jews by Religionb. 22%= Jews of no religionc. can be defined by religious terms or ethnic, national, and cul-tural termsXXXII. 4 Major Historical Periodsa. Biblical, Ancient, Medieval, and ModernXXXIII. Where: The Land of Israel (Canaan)a. North of Africa- Center of AsiaXXXIV. When: Early Biblical Perioda. 1220 BCE: First mention of Israelite Peopleb. 1030-930 BCE: United Monarchyi. Kingdom of Israelc. 930 BCE-722 BCE: Divided Monarchy i. Northern Kingdom/Southern Kingdomii.d. 722 BCE: Northern Kingdom Exiled (by Syyrians)i. Only the Southern Kingdom Remained (made up of 2 tribes)1. This kingdom was called Judea (the dominant tribe)e. 586 BCE: Babylonians Destroy First Templei. Temple of Judeans was destroyed and they lost their em-pire/kingdomii. traumatic momentf. 516 BCE: Second Temple (Under Persians)i. allowed Judeans to return to their land and rebuild their templeXXXV. Important Factsd. Anicent and Contempory Jews refer to themselves as the Peo-ple of Israele. The term Jew is derived from Judeansi. describes Israelites living in Southern Kingdomf. The term Judaism as the religion of Jews only emerges in the 2nd CenturyXXXVI. What Did the Israelites Believe?d. Religion of Israel or the elite version of it can be recon-structed from the Hebrew BibleXXXVII. The Hebrew Bible= TaNaKHd. Not a Book -- but a library of Bookse. produced in the land of Israelf. Composed over 1,000 years (12th century BCE - 2nd century BCE)g. Covers creation until 5th century BCE (Persian Empire)h. Only mostly in Hebrew i. Some small sections writing in Aramaic)i. Multiple Genres: Legends, History, Law, Theology, Poetry, Phi-losophy and Prayerj. Three Sections:i. Torah “Teaching” (5)1. 5 Books of Moses (Pre-History/Legends)ii. Nevi’im “Prophets” (8)iii. Khetuvim “Sacred Writings” (11)XXXVIII. The Torah 1 (Genesis) Complied 6th c. BCEd. YHWH/Elohimi. Names of Personal God1. Jews are not allowed to pronounce the proper name of their God (they decribe them as “Lord” “Idonite”ii. YHWH Creates world and humanity (6 Days)iii. God Rests on 7th day = The Sabbath (“rest”)iv. Earliest Generations1. Sin, Theft, Murder, etc.v. “Election”: Unilateral Covenant with Family of Abra-ham (from modern-day Irag)vi. Promise of Land (Canaan=Israel) and Numerous Of-springXXXIX. The Torah 11 (Genesis)d. Symbol of Covenant= Circumcisioni. sign of committment e. Abraham-Isaac - Jacob= Israel (You strove (SRA) with God (EL) and have overcome)i. Jacob wrestles with Angelf. Jacob/Israel has 12 sons= 12 Tribes of Israel (Judah, levi, Joseph, Benjamin)g. Children of Jacob/Israel Sojourn to EgyptXL. The Torah III (Exodus)d. Israelite Bondage in Egpye. Moses leads Israelite Exodus= Holiday of Passover (divine plague kills firstborn)f. Conditional Covenant with Moses/Israelites at Mt Sinai= 10 Commandments= Ethical and Ritual Law (Holiday of Shavuot)g. Mitzvoth= Divine Lawsh. Building of the makeshift (moveable) temple (for sacrifices) = MishkanXLI. The Torah IV (Leviticus)d. Laws of Sacrifices (expiation for sin)e. Laws of Priests (Kohanim-come from Tribe of Levi) i. no contact with dead, cannot married a divorcee1. no cemetery/no funeralf. Laws of “Holiness” i. Love Your Neighbor Like YourselfXLII. The Torah V (Numbers)d. Israelite Travelling in the Desert towards Israel --40 yearse. Israelites lived in Huts = Holiday of Sukkot (“huts”) 3rd Pilgrimage Holidayf. Rosh Hashana/Yom Kippur -- in total 5 “Torah Holidays”g. Moses denied entry into promised landXLIII. The Torah VI (Deuteronomy)d. Moses’s Farewell Speeche. Repeition of Ethical and Ritual Lawsf. Most famous speech: “hear (shema) O’ Israel, YHWH is our God (el) YHWH alone” i. Central Prayer for Jews (3x daily(XLIV. Prophets or Nevi’imd. Lower level of Sanctity than Torah..e. Two Sections:i. Historical Booksii. Conquest of the Land of Israel (divided 12 tribes) - Joshuaiii. First King - Saul (Benjamin)iv. King David (Judah)1. Establishes Jerusalem as Capital of Israelv. King Solomon 1. Builds Temple (Mikdash)vi. Divided Kingdom (north 10 tribes; south - tribe of Ju-dah/Benjamin)XLV. Prophets IId. Northern Kingdom Capturede. All that is left-- Primarily the Tribe of Judahi. Judeans (later become jews)f. First temple destroyed 586 BCE = Hurbani. Destruction (Fast Day in August 9th)g. Who destroyed it?i. the Babyloniansh. 70 years later-- the Persion King (Cyrus) allow second temple to be rebuiltXLVI. Prophets IIId. Literary Prophets i. ethics over ritual (Isiah 1)ii. Universal redemption (Isiah 2) = MessiahXLVII. Sacred Writings of Ketuvim (tanaKh)d. Latest books to be canonized (sealed 1 st c BCE)e. Psalms- Book of Prayers (king David)f. Job- Why do righteous sufer?g. ecclesiastes: what is the meaning of life?h. proverbs: ethical maximsi. song of songs: love poetryj. chronicales: rewritten history (creation until 538 BCE)k. Ezra and Nehemiah - History from 538 BCE - 450 BCEi. ***Chronology of Bible Ends Here***XLVIII. Conception of YHWH (Israel God)d. only one God worshipped= YHWHe. YHWH is not created and never diesf. YHWH creates world with word (no battles with other gods)g. YHWH is seperate from world/natureh. YHWH is asexual- has no consort or childreni. merciful, just and goodj. no need for food and drinkk. complete freedom-overwhelming and knowledgel. not