Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture I. Ritual and Justification: SacramentsII. Eucharist in CatholicismIII. Ethical Dimension in CatholicismIV. Pope Francis on the Social Teaching of the Catholic ChurchV. The Orthodox TraditionVI. HistoryVII. Center of Doctrine in OrthodoxyVIII. Paul and “Theosis” Salvation as Mystic Union with ChristIX. Veneration of Icons: Making GodX. Experiencing an IconXI. Theotokos: “God Bearer”XII. Icons and WorshipXIII. Salvation and Ethical Ideal: Sin and Restoring the ImaePHIL 1101st EditionXIV. Theosis: Eternal ProgessXV. Proestantism: Historical DevelopmentXVI. Martin LutherXVII. The ProblemXVIII. The Rigteousness of GodXIX. Sola Fide: By Faith AloneXX. Sola Scriptura: By Scripture AloneXXI. John CalvinXXII. PentecostalismXXIII. Doctrinal Center: Justification XXIV. Ritual and JustificationXXV. Justification and EthicsXXVI. Division of PrtestantismXXVII. Protestant FundamentalismOutline of Current Lecture XXVIII. ArabiaXXIX. The Principle Sources of LivelihoodXXX. Social StructureXXXI. Religion of ArabiaXXXII. Ethical Codes of ArabiaXXXIII. Muhammad and the birth of IslamXXXIV. Meccan Reception of Muhammad’s TeachingXXXV. Muhammad at Medina 622 CEXXXVI. The Treaty with Meccan 628 CEXXXVII. The Qur’an The Word of GodXXXVIII. RevelationXXXIX. Major Themes of the Qur’anXL.Sunna of the ProphetXLI. The 5 Pillars of IslamXLII. Profession of FaithXLIII. PrayerXLIV. AlmsgivingXLV. FastingXLVI. PilgrimageXLVII. JihadCurrent Lecture XLVIII. Arabiaa. 1 million square miles were dominated desert and steppeb. Bedouin tribes pursuing nomadic lifestylesc. Mecca and Medina are the prominent settlements in Arabiad. Mecca was the prominent trading centere. Yathrib (Medina) was predominantly a Jewish agricultural settlementXLIX. The Principle Sources of Livelihooda. Herdingb. Tradec. Raiding d. AgricultureL. Social Structurea. membership in an extended familyb. a grouping of several related families compromised a Clanc. a cluster of several clans constituted a Tribed. A tribe led by a chief (Shaykh) who was selected by the heads of leading clansor families LI. Religion of Arabiaa. reflects its tribal nature and social structureb. Polytheism: Gods served as protectors of individual tribes, and their spirits as-sociated with sacred objects-- statues, trees, springs..c. Local shrines served as place of cultic rituals (sacrifice, pilgrimage, and prayer)d. Mecca was the central shrine of Godse. The shrine is called KABA: a cube shaped building that housed 360 idols of tribal godsf. These deities were objects of worshipg. Allah, is the supreme high god. He is the creator and sustainer of lifeh. But, remote from everyday convern and thus not the object of ritualLII. Ethical Codes of Arabiaa. Tribal humanism: a way of life with origins that no ascribed to Godb. product of tribal experience and traditionc. loyalty to the family, clan, and tribed. justices was administered by threat of group vengeance or retaliatione. Fatalism: no meaning beyong this lifeLIII. Muhammad and the birth of Islama. The Sources:i. The Qur’anii. Prophetic traditions (reports about what Muhammad said and did)iii. He was born in Mecca in 570 CEiv. Received revelation in 610 CE (Prophet)LIV. Meccan Reception of Muhammad’s Teachinga. Resistance and Rejection-- Why?b. Challenge to the polytheistic religionc. Threatening their economic, social, and political interestsLV. Muhammad at Medina 622 CEa. a leader and judge for the entire comunity, Muslim and non-Muslimb. Established a constitution “constitution of Medina”c. Outlined the rights and duties of all citizens and the relationship of the Mus-lim community to other communitiesLVI. The Treaty with Meccan 628 CEa. There would be peace between Mecca and Medina for ten years during which time both sides could strike up whatever alliance they saw fitb. 630 CE: The conquest of Meccac. 632 CE: The death of MuhammadLVII. The Qur’an The Word of Goda. final and complete literal word of Godb. revealed to Muhammad over 23 years c. Consists of 114 chapters of roughly 6000 versesd. its chapters were arranged according to length not chronicallyLVIII. Revelationa. God in His mercy determined to reveal his will for humankind through a seri-ies of messengersb. “Indeed we sent forth among every nation a messenger saying: ‘Serve your Lord, and shun false Gods’c. Thus, through out history, human beings could not only know that there is God but also what God desires and commands for his creatureLIX. Major Themes of the Qur’ana. God (Allah)i. Allah is the Arabic word for the Supreme Being, God. It was used by pre-Islamic Arabs to refer to a high God above the idols that many Arabs worshippedii. In Islam, this name came to be used for the one and only true God, who is the God of all human beingsb. Creationi. Creation of humanity on earthii. creation of the universe (sun , moon, stars, and celestial bodies)iii. Life on earth, and of everything needed to sustain lifeiv. Refer to changing seasons and the creation of trees and foodstuffs suchas fruits and grainsc. Life and Death (Hereafter)i. The Qur’an insists on the reality of a life after deathii. The primary purpose of the wordly life is to prepare for the Hereafter by serving God and having faith in Him, doing good deeds, and lead-ing ethical and moral lifed. Prophecy and the Stories of the Prophetsi. 1/5 of the Qur’an deals with the narrative of past prophets, their mes-sages, their communites and these communites responded to the prophetsii. the Qur’an narrated the stories of 25 prophetsLX. Themes of the Qur’ana. Human Behaviorb. Commandmentsc. Prohibitionsd. Instructions and Guidancee. Family Relationshipf. Social ConductsLXI. Sunna of the Propheta. Normative behavior of Muhamadb. What he said, did, and actions he approvedc. “Obey God and obey the Messenger...if you should quarrel over anything referit to God and the Messenger”d. “In God’s messenger you have a fine model for anyone whose hope is God and the Last Day”LXII. The 5 Pillars of Islama. The five essential and obligatory practices all Muslims accept and followi. The proffesion of faith (Shahada)ii. Prayer (Salat)iii. Almsgiving (Zakat)iv. The Fast of Ramadan (Siyam)v. Pilgrimage (Hajj)LXIII. Profession of Faitha. A muslim is one who proclaims (shahada, witness or testimony) that:i. there is no God but the God and Muhammad is the messenger of Godii. Qur’an 4:48 “God does not forgive anyone