Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. PujaII. Forms of the DivineIII. DarshanIV. 330 Million GodsV. GaneshVI. The TriadVII.BrahmaVIII. Gods, Goddesses, and ShaktiIX. Gods vs GoddessesX. SaraswatiXI. LakshmiXII.Lakshmi IconographyXIII. ParvatiXIV. Parvati and ShivaXV. DurgaXVI. KaliXVII. Krishna and RadhaXVIII. Five Central ElementsOutline of Current Lecture PHIL 1101st EditionXIX. Current SituationXX. Origination and SpreadXXI. The VehiclesXXII. Buddhism as a ReligionXXIII. Buddhism as a PhilosophyXXIV. The Three JewelsXXV. The Legend of Buddha ShakyamuniXXVI. Birth of BuddhaXXVII. JainismXXVIII. MahaviraXXIX. The StoryXXX. Siddhartha’s YouthCurrent LectureXXXI. Current Situationa. approx. 400 million Buddhist practitioners in the worldb. 4th largest world religious traditionsc. vast majority of buddhists live in Asiai. majority tradition in several Asian nationsii. significant minority in several othersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. increasing number of practitioners in North America and EuropeXXXII. Origination and Spreada. Originated 6th century BCE in Indiab. spread south and east to southeast Asiac. spread north and east to China, Nepal, Korea, Japand. no longer a significant presence in IndiaXXXIII. The Vehiclesa. Therevada (The Way of the Elders)i. oldest of the 3 main branchesii. Dominant southern Buddhist tradition (Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia)b. Mahayana (The Great Vehicle)i. developed in India in the 1st century CEii. dominant in northern Buddhist tradition (China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam)1. some scholars identify Vajrayana (The Diamond Vehi-cle) as a 3rd vehicle. perhaps better understood as an extension of Mahayana2. prominent in Tibet, Nepal, MongoliaXXXIV. Buddhism as a Religiona. Earliest missionary traditioni. tradition places the origin of the sangha in the life of Bud-dha. instructed by the Buddha to spread the teaching.b. reflects several of the common characteristics of religion:i. mythologyii. doctrineiii. ritualsiv. communityc. nonetheless, very diverse. the portrayal of Buddhism as a unifiedtradition is the work of modern Westerners.XXXV. Buddhism as a Philosophya. buddhists don’t see adherence to Buddhism as necessary for walking the path to enlightenment. i. all creatures are on the path, whether or not they are Bud-dhist1. Sangha not the same as ‘church’. Buddhism doesn’t have a church, and mindfulness can be sought in anytradition 2. Buddha held that believers should continue to offer obeisance to Brahmanic teachersb. Buddhists do not call the practice ‘Buddhism’i. call the practice ‘dharma’1. buddha uses the term ‘Dharma’ to describe his own teachings2. dharma is not invented by the Buddha3. dharma is eternalXXXVI. The Three Jewelsa. “Refuge” for the practitioneri. I take refuge in the Buddhaii. I take refuge in the Dharmaiii. I take refuge in the Sanghab. Buddhai. “Awakened” oneii. model of the awakening of consciousness to what truly is realc. The Dharmai. the teaching taught by the Buddha over the 45 year periodafter his awakeningii. teaching embodied in a series of scriptures. oldest canon ofscriptures written in the ancient language of Pali (not the same language spoken by the Buddha)1. Sutra (discourses)2. Vinaya (rules)3. abhidarma (doctrines)d. The Sanghai. two groups: Laity and Monastics1. monastics observe special rules of austerity. but the laity also commit to live by moral precepts.a. traditional formulation in the “Five Precepts”2. critical to the spread of dharmaXXXVII. The Legend of Buddha Shakyamunia. many stories told of Buddha’s lifeb. not a biography of the Buddhac. nor is it scriptured. used to model the path that all follow to enlightenmenti. siddhartha travels the path from a vow to seek enlighten-ment, to its attainment, to the teaching of others how to follow that pathii. corresponds to Smart’s “mythological” dimensionXXXVIII. Birth of Buddhaa. Setting: Central India; 6th century BCEi. Shaya clanii. spiritual quests undertaken by religious ascetics, outside ofthe Brahmanic traditioniii. rise of small kingshipsb. more on the religious backgroundi. emergence of a new religious movement: Jainismii. Jainism parallels the development of BuddhismXXXIX. Jainisma. spiritual movement originating in India that seeks full liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and rebirth (Samsara)b. named after jinas, 24 spiritual heroes who created “fords” by which others can cross to the other sidec. continues as a significant religion for India and Indian diasporai. major influence on Gandhi’s teaching of non-violenceXL. Mahaviraa. Mahavira=24th and final jinab. dates of life uncertain: 599-527 BCE ; Elder contemporary of the Buddhac. stories describe him as:i. prince of royal familyii. leaves family to pursue spiritual awakening through asceticpracticesiii. seeks to eliminate karma from himselfiv. attains Nirvana at age of 72v. transmits teachings to disciplesXLI. The Storya. Buddha is born “in full awareness”i. declares “for enlightenment I was born, for the good of all that lives. This is the last time that I have been born into this world of becoming.”1. Siddahartha is a bodhisattva: one who takes a vow to achieve enlightenment2. Jataka: stories of the previous lives of the Buddhaii. visited by a seerb. Siddhartha’s Youthi. Suddhodana seeks to dissuade the young prince from seeking spiritual perfectionii. surrounds him with sensual pleasures and insulates him from “anything that could perturb his mind.”iii. Siddhartha engages in pleasures and fathers a