Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. Biblical Judaism: HighlightsII. Ancient JudaismIII. History of Second Temple JudaismIV. Second Temple Judaism IIV. Rabbinic JudaismVI. History of Rabbinic JudaismVII. 4 Primary Texts of Rabbinic Judaism VIII. Rabbinic Judaism: Moment of CrisisIX. Rabbis and TorahX. God and TorahXI. Rabbinic AuthorityXII. Rabbinic Judaism: PrayerOutline of Current Lecture XIII. Review: Rabbinic JudaismXIV. Rabbinic Thought and TheologyXV.Medieval Judaism in the Moslem WorldXVI. The Gaonim: Religious Leaders of Babylonian Jewry (700-1000)XVII. From East to WestXVIII. 2 Revolutionary MovementsXIX. Moses MaimonidesPHIL 1101st EditionXX.Monument in Cordoba, SpainXXI. Maimonides Transforms Judaism in 3 AreasXXII. Maimonides, Commentary to MishnahXXIII. Maimonides and Jewish LawXXIV. Maimonidean Thought: Guide to the Perplexed (Judeo-Arabic)XXV. For Maimonides...XXVI. Maimonides Goal of JudaismXXVII. Secret Must be RevealedXXVIII. Shifting Boundaries-- In/OutXXIX. Medieveal ChristendomXXX. Persecution of Jews in Medieval ChristendomXXXI. Expulsion of Jews from Western EuropeXXXII. South France 12th c. - North Spain 13th c.XXXIII. The ZoharXXXIV. Kabbalah on First Verse of BibleXXXV. Philosophy and KabbalahCurrent LectureXXXVI. Review: Rabbinic Judism (70 CE-637 CE)a. 70 CE: Second Temple Destroyed: CRISISi. how will it survive?? ii. housed god, where will they receive atonement for their sins, will where sacrifices take placeb. authority: no kinds, prophets, priests.. now rabbis!!c. theory of TWO TORAHSd. God dictated every word of written Torah to Moses (First 5 Books of Moses)e. God also gave moses an Oral Torah on Sinaii. Ideas reflected in Mishnah and Talmundf. Emergence of Torah Acadmeics (Beit Midrash)g. Emergence of Synagogue (Beit Knesset)h. Instiution of Prayer 3 times a dayXXXVII. Rabbinic Thought and Theologya. No systematic theologyi. no book the creates creation, prophecy, or afterlifeii. chaoticb. Afterlife reward and punishment (Heaven/hell)c. YHWH = mercy Elhoim = Justiced. New Name for God: Shekhinah = Indwelinge. Intensifes Biblical Anthropomorphismf. Shekinah Suffers with Israel in Exileg. Rabbis Ignore greek Philosophy (Aristotle/Plato)h. Celebration of legal pluralism: multiple viewi. Bibical Interpretation- word plays and pun (hidden)j. deed over creed - virtually no rabbinic dogmasXXXVIII. Medieval Judaism in the Moslem Worlda. 638-750 CE: Jews Unified Under Islami. first time Jews are united under one empire -- leadership no longer in Israel1. now in BabyloniaXXXIX. The Gaonim: Religious Leaders of Babylonian Jewry (700-1000)a. Jews live as “Dhimmis” -- Protected Statusi. second class citizen under Islamii. allowed to practice Judaism but had to pay taxb. Babylonian Rabbis (Gaonim) Surpass Palestinian Rabbisc. Sa’adia Gaon (882-942)i. Systematizes Rabbinic Theologyii. Incorporeality/Unity of God1. God has no body2. everything is a representation of God3. God is one -- no multiplicity within Godiii. ArabicXL. From East to Westa. Around 1,000 CE, the center of Jewish Intellectual Life moves from Middle east to Western EuropeXLI. 2 Revolutionary Movementsa. Jewish Philosophyb. Jewish MysticismXLII. Moses Maimonidesa. 1138-1204b. Born in Cordoba then moves to Fez then to Egyptc. The “greatest” Jewish ThinkerXLIII. Maimonides Transforms Judaism in 3 Areasa. Establish 13 Jewish Dogmasb. Who is an “Israelite” (in good standing) is now determined by belief (not birth or practice)XLIV. Maimonides, Commentary to Mishnaha. If a man gives up any fundamental principles he has removed himself from the Jewish communityb. He is atheist, heretic, and unbelieverc. We are commanded to hate him and destroy himXLV. Maimonides and Jewish Lawa. Reorganized and Codified all of Jewish Law (14 Sections)i. Mishneh Torah (Repitition of the Torah-- Rabbinic Hebrew)b. From Talmudic Chaos to Maimonidean Orderi. no give and TakeXLVI. Maimonidean Thought: Guide to the Perplexed (Judeo-Arabic)a. Anti-Anthropomorphism: Idoltry is now not physical worship of wrong gods/Icons (as stated in Torah) but now idolatry is wrong mental worship of TRUE God (YHWH sitting on throne)XLVII. For Maimonides...a. God is not a personi. but a perfect unchanging being1. primary an intellect (no emotions)b. the visible “God” in scripture or “Shekhina” in Rabbinic Literature is notGod but Divinely Created EntityXLVIII. Maimonides Goal of Judaisma. Encounter God Internally through humand mind/rationalityi. if God is intellect, the more intellect we become, the more we connectii. How can we know God?1. Understand Natural world (Mathematics, Physics, Astron-omy, Cosmos, and Invisible intellectual forms b. God is not found in supernatural miracles but the wisdom/or-der of natureXLIX. Secret Must be Revealeda. Torah Must not bed Red literally but figurativelyi. Torah is enoded set of metaphors or allegories pointing to Aris-totelian Physics and Metphysics1. “Angels” are those invisble intellects moving stars/moon/planet2. Prophecy achieved through development of rational mindb. BUTi. We can never fully know God fully 1. Negative Theologya. Can only say what God is notL. Shifting Boundaries-- In/Outb. Philosophy of Aristotle and its Arabic interpreters (Al-Farabi and Avi-cenna) are not external to Jewish traditioni. but are at the heart of Jewish traditionLI. Persecution of Jews in Medieval Christendomb. Chrisitan Anti-Semitism (W. Europe)i. Jews were persecuted by Christians1. accused of killing Christian children and using their bloodii. Crusads of 1096 (Pope Urban II) - Widespread Masscres and Forced Conversioniii. Jewish Martyrdom - Men Kill own Familiesiv. Blood Libels (1144-1491) and Host Desecrationsv. Fourth Latern Council (1215) - Jews must wear yellow badgesvi. Jewish-Christian (Foced) Disputations (1240, 1263)vii. Pope Gregory IX Orders burning of the Talmud (1242)viii. Black Plague (1348-1351) Jews are BlamedLII. Expulsion of Jews from Western Europeb. England - 1290c. France - 1306/1394d. German States- 15th c.e. Spain- 1492 (Marranos and Conversos)f. Jews emigrate to e. europe -- Turkey, Palestine, and ItalyLIII. South France 12th c. - North Spain 13th c.b. Medieval Jewish Kabbalah: New Image of Godi. unfolding of God and nationsii. Bottom: Shekinah1. Divine feminine\iii. Jews perform Mitzvoh in order to unite masculine and femminie parts of GodLIV. The Zoharb. Moses de Leon (Real Author) claims to have been found this “second” century