Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Lecture 1 (August 28)What is Religion?Attempts for scientific objectivity are shaped by assumptions of which the theorists are only dimly aware.What are Smart’s Six Dimensions?Experimental, Ritual, Ethical, Mythological, Doctrinal, and Social.What does each dimension mean?PHIL 1101st EditionExperimental is the traditions that sometimes identify and experience foun-dational in communities. Ritual is the actions and ceremonies that have spe-cific religious functions which include acts of worship, prayers, chants, preaching. Social the concrete community of believers and the social vision of the adherents as whole. Mythological are stories that are sacred narrativesthat connect human events and experiences to the transcendent world. Doc-trical are offical systematic teachings of religious groups. Ethical is the regu-lation of behavior of adherents in a faith community.What are some key facts about Indigenous Religious Traditions?They are about 6% of the population globeb, they are rarely dominant in one area, created by a particular community, and not dependent on written sculptures.Lecture 2 (September 2)What are some defining characteristics of Hinduism?Hinduism is the oldest living religion (2500 BCE-1500 BCE), has no historical founder, no common creed, 330 millions gods/goddess, identifcation is basedon class/caste and the god(s) you worship, Hinduism is a religion and a way of life.What are the 5 central elements of Hinduism?The doctrine, practice, society, narrative, and Bhakti.What is the sacred cow?The sacred cow is an iconic symbol of Hindu tradition; the give products of the cow are sacred and used for ritual purposes.What is puja?Puja is worship and the core ritual of popular Hinduism. It is performed every-day in temples and homes by priests and laypeople. It honors gods and god-desses.What is Prasad?Prasad is a special offering given during Puja.What are the Sacred Rivers?The sacred rivers are rivers of purifying power of water. These contain the Ganges river being rivers as embodiments of divine goddesses. What is asceticism?Asceticism is seeking spiritual knowledge and moksha (liberation). Within it contains the idea of the four stages of life (student, householder, semi-re-tired, renouncer)What are the four classes(varna)?Brahmin (priests and scholars), Kshyatrya (warriors, kinds, royal/ruling fami-lies), vaishya (merchants, peasants), and shudra (servants/untouchables)What is the caste system?The caste system is a hierarchical structure where Hindu people are born intotheir castes.What is the main doctrine of Hinduism?The Vedas is the main doctrine of Hinduism.What two epics are in the Vedas?The ramayana and Mahabharata.Lecture 3 (September 4)What are the Puranas?The Puranas are collection of stories of myths, history, beliefs, rituals, etc. They are essential sources for understanding Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi. Also a soruce of modern devotial HinduismWhat is bhakti?Bhakti means a loving devotion to a personal god. Husbands could also be considered divine.Who are the Aryans?The Aryans could be considered the “Noble ones” who are militarily ad-vanced and skilled with horses and chariots.What are key characteristics of the Vedic Religion?Maintaining cosmic order, portable religion, social significance, rites of sacri-fice, hymns, fire and soma, and the propitiation of gods in return for material benefits and enhanced social standing.What are the Vedas?The Vedas are the earliest surviving Indo-European texts, domain of brah-mans, and source of the dharma.What is the rig veda?Rig Veda is the eariest of the Vedas and is an important source of myth and ritual.What are the Upanishads?The Upanishads are latest of the Vedas and contain philosphical works and secret scriptures. Discuss the central ideas of Karma, samsara, atman, and brahman.What is Karma? Samsara? Atman? Brahman?Karma is action, the cause and effect. Samsara is the continuing cycle of death and rebirth. Atman is an essential self. Brahman is a single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything.What is Purusha Sukta?Hymn to the Supreme Person (Rig Veda); creation myth and origins of the four classes: Brahmin (priests/scholars), Kshyatrya (warriors, royla/ruling familes), Vaishya (merchants, peasants), and Shudra (servants/untouch-ables).Lecture 4 (September 9)What is “Dharma Duty”All beings are born with dharma, it a one of four aims of life. Fullfillment of dharma results in good karma which results in better rebirth.What is Purushartha (four aims of life)?Dharma which means attending to ones duties, artha which is material gain, wealth and power, Kama which is sensual and sexual pleasure, and Moksha the deveotion to religious and spiritual liberation from cycel and death and rebirth.What is Smrti and Shruti?Shruti is “that which is heard” and Smrti is “that which is remembered.”What do the Laws of Manu contain?They contain the 4 stages of life: student, householder, semi-retired, and re-nouncer.What are key facts about the epic “Ramayana”?Ramayana is a tale of dharma, good and evil, chaos and order. It is a pre-scription of code and conduct which displays Rama as an ideal man, king, friend, and son. Sita is portrayed as an ideal wife who is committed to her stridharma and forces Rama to uphold his dharma as a son, husband, and a king. What is the Mahabharata?A tale of flawed dharma. Displays Bhagavad-gita contains the types of yoga discipline. What is Krishna’s teachings?Krishna teaching that there is a relationship between the body, atman, and Brahman. The goal of life is to identify oneself with Brahman. The attach-ment of the results of karma is what binds us to the cycle of death and re-birth. Wants to focus on desire-less action and action for the sake of fulfillingsone’s dharma.What are the 3 paths of Achieving Krishna’s goal?The the kinds of yoga/discipline: Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, and Bhakti yoga.What is karma yoga? Jnana? Bhakti?Karma yoga is right action is equal to action without the desire for fruits of action. Jnana yoga is the knowledge of true nature of atman, Brahman, dharma, and karma. Bhakti yoga is the devotion to Krishna or personal god.Lecture 5 (September 11)What is Puja?Puja means worship or an act of respectful honoring. There are 16 offerings and services of puja. It is performed by priests, laypeople, in the home, in temples, or at other religiously significant locations.What is Murti?Murti is a form of