Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I. ReviewII. Early InterpretersIII. Overview of New TestamentIV. Non-Canonical WritingsV. Apostle PaulVI. Example Text: 1st Corinthians 15VII. Smart on EthicsVIII. Smart on DoctrineIX. Canonization ProcessX. Impact of CanonizationXI. SummaryOutline of Current Lecture XII. Creeds and Theology in ChristianityXIII. The Era of Creeds and CouncilsXIV. Creeds: Establishing the FrameXV.ChristendomXVI. 3 Primary BranchesXVII. Trinity: The Being of GodXVIII. Christ: IncarnationXIX. CatholicismXX. Catholicism: Features and HistoryXXI. Doctrine: JustificationXXII. He became as we are: Justification and ChristPHIL 1101st EditionXXIII. Paul and Justification: Christ as MediatorXXIV. Francis of AssisiXXV. The StigmataCurrent LectureXXVI. Creeds and Theology in Christianitya. Idea that there is diversity in christianity but there is also constraintXXVII. The Era of Creeds and Councilsa. creed comes from Latin word “Credo” (I believe)i. statement of belief that binds whole community togetherii. defines unity b. Seven councils recognized as “Universal” or “General” by all Christian Branchesi. First: Nicea (325)1. called by constatine to establish a uniform Christian belief2. Nicene Creed established the principle of identiy of na-ture shared between “father” and “son”ii. Final: Nicea II (787)1. called by Queen Irene to be the “seal” and “summation” of Christian doctrine2. Affirms legitmacy of use of iconsc. Other Creeds and Councilsi. numerous other councils establish the framework for Catholic and Protestant communitiesii. Catholic church recognized 21 general councils1. most recent: Vatican II in 1962-65iii. Orthodox Church has called its first council since 787 to con-bvene in Istanbul in 2016XXVIII. Creeds: Establishing the Frameb. First Seven Focus on Two Points:i. Doctrine of Trinity:1. claim that the Godhead consists of three “persons” whichare not only equal but identical in “nature”ii. Doctrine of Incarnation1. claim that in the person of Jesus, the fulness of God and the fulness of humanity are completely embodiedc. Creeds not the same as Theologyi. Define the “frame” not the “picture”ii. Doctrinal function:1. set the boundaries within the theological discussion takesplaceiii. Social/Ritual Function:1. define who has the right to be identified as a member of the community2. “Confess to Commune”XXIX. Christendomb. Christianity gradually institutionalized as official (“established”) religion of Roman Empirei. Christendom= political entity that unites statehood with Chris-tian religion1. identifies its responsibility to defend Christianity against both external and internal enemies2. Crusade as religious/political duty3. Never fully stable: cotinual contest for power between the“two arms” of the stateii. Creeds used to determine membership in stage as well as reli-gious community 1. necessary to be Christian to participate fully in State2. Religious deviance punishiable by statea. Hereticsb. Jews3. Breaks down form 15th to 20th centuries as a political or-derXXX. Medieval Christianity: The Divison of Christendoma. Divided into Eastern and Western branchesii. Seperate authorities2. seperate theories on what establishes religious authorityiii. Seperate practicesiv. Seperate languages for the church2. western church: latin liturgy and scriptures3. Eastern church: intitally Greek in liturgy and scriptures. accepts the local languages of peoplev. increasingly suspicious of each other 2. hardens as formal break in medieval periodXXXI. 3 Primary Branchesa. Orthodoxyii. oldest, most continues of Christian branchesiii. Eastern Christianity: Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Armenia, Greeceb. Catholicsmii. Primary Western form of Christianityiii. Continuously developing from the 5th century CEc. Protestantismii. Origins in the 16th century “protests” against Catholicsmiii. Most diverse expressionsiv. Predominant form in USXXXII. Trinity: The Being of Goda. “Godness” consists of three persons united as one beingii. father, son, spiritb. primary terms that define God are relationalii. God was the “Father” before God was “creator”c. Perichoresis: God’s being is interwovenii. the life of God is a life of interpersonal relationshipiii. dynamic- God’s being in not staticXXXIII. Christ: Incarnationa. Incarnation= “Becoming flesh”b. More than taking on a human bodyii. “He became as we are that we might become as he is”c. Two points of identity with humanity:ii. He became as we are:2. Crucified Christ: Identifies with human sufferingiii. That we might become as he is:2. Risen Christ: a vision of how to achieve perfection. callsfollowers to imitate the ascent to gloryiv. Christian theology can emphasize either one:2. Catholicism: emphasizes identity with the crucified Christ3. Orthodoxy: emphasizes identity with risen ChristXXXIV. Catholicisma. He became as we areXXXV. Catholicism: Features and Historya. Derived from Latin- speaking church of the Western Roman Empireb. Rise of the “Monarchic Papacy” 450-1200 CEc. Office of Papacy further defined at Council of Trent (1548-63) and FirstVatican Council (1870)d. Relationship of Church to Society and World as a whole rethought at Second Vatican Councilii. Impact of Second Vatican major issue in church todayXXXVI. Doctrine: Justificationa. Justification = being made rightb. Sin as Persistent Problemii. sin not only voluntary acts of transgressioniii. doctrine of “original sin”2. effect of Adam’s transgression 3. social consequences of sin4. dominant view of sin in Catholicism since 425XXXVII. He became as we are: Justification and Christa. Emphasis on Christ as Mediator more than Modelb. Emphasis on “atonement” theory:ii. Christ like humanity in every way but siniii. Christ as paid the “debt” of sin humanity owed to GodXXXVIII. Paul and Justification: Christ as Mediatora. Catholicsm emphasizes “Faith” dimension of Paul’s writings:ii. the saying is sure and worthy of full acceptance, that Christ Jeus came into the world to save the sinners-whom I am the foremostiii. There is one God; there is also one mediator between God and humankind, Christ Jesus himself human, who gave him-self for ransom of alliv. Since we are justified by fath we have peach with God through Lord Jesus Christ through whom we hae obtained ac-cess to this grace in which we standv. If the many died through the one man’s trespass much more