Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Chronology of HinduismII. Indus Valley CivilizationIII. The AryansIV. Vedic ReligionV. The VedasVI. Vedic GodsVII. Main DevasVIII. IndraIX. RTAX. Vedic SocietyXI. UpanishadsOutline of Current Lecture XII.DharmaXIII. Four Aims of LifeXIV. Smrti vs ShrutiXV. PuranasXVI. DharmastraXVII. Laws of ManuXVIII. EpicsXIX. The RamayanaXX. Rama as an IdealXXI. Sita and StridharmaXXII. The MahabharataXXIII. The Bhagavad-gitaCurrent LecturePHIL 1101st Editiona. Dharma‘Duty’b. All beings are born with dharmac. refers to one’s duty with respect to:i. one’s social position, caste/classii. one’s stage of lifeiii. fulfillment of dharma=good karma=better rebirthd. one of the four aims of lifeXXIV. Four Aims of Lifea. Purushartha (four aims of lifei. dharma=attending to one’s duties; regulating factorii. artha= material gain; wealth and poweriii. kama= sensual and sexual pleasure; loveiv. moksha= devotion to religious and spiritual activities liber-ation from cycle and death and rebirthXXV. Smrti vs Shrutia. Shruti= ‘that which was heard’These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is besti. Vedasb. Smrti= ‘that which is remembered’XXVI. Puranasa. ancient storiesb. essential source for understanding Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi (God-dess)c. the source of modern devotial HinduismXXVII. Dharmashastraa. 1st centuries CEb. treatises on the nature of righteousness, moral dutyXXVIII. Laws of Manua. 1st CEb. dharma=descriptive and prescriptivei. Varnsashrama dharmaii. Classiii. Stage of Life1. Student2. Householder3. Semi-retired4. renounceriv. WomenXXIX. Epicsa. Mahabharatai. 100,000 versesii. 4th c BCE- 4th c CEiii. Vyasaiv. Bhahgavad-Gitab. Ramayanai. 25,000 versesii. 3rd c BCE- 3rd c CEiii. Valmiki1. authorXXX. The Ramayanaa. tale of dharma; good and evil;chaos and orderb. Prescription for code of conducti. rama is ideal man/kingii. sita is ideal woman/wifeiii. Rama’s society: ideal societyXXXI. Rama as an Ideala. Rama as embodiment of dharmab. ideal son, king, friend, and mani. ideal husband?c. dharma of a sond. dharma of a kingXXXII. Sita and Stridharmaa. Sita as the ideal wifei. committed to her stridharmab. Forces Rama to uphold his dharmai. as a sonii. as a husbandiii. as a kingc. The Mahabharatai. tale of (flawed) dharma XXXIII. The Bhagavad-gitaa. Dharma (of a warrior)i. Arjins crisisii. Krishna’s teaching1. mortality, reincarnation, and the relationship be-tween death, sacrifice, and devotioniii. Krishna’s main teachings:1. relationship between the body, atman, and Brahmana. Atman is eternal and indestructible2. Goal of life is to identify oneself with Brahman3. attachment to the results of karma is what binds us to the cycle of death and rebirth4. Focus instead on:a. desire-less actionb. action for the sake of fulfilling one’s dharmai. better to do your own dharma imper-fectly than another’s perfectly5. 3 Paths of Achieving this Goala. Yogai. Discipline1. Three Kinds of Yogaa. Karma Yogai. right action=action without the desire for fruits of actionb. Jnana yogai. knowledge of true na-ture of atman, Brah-man, dharma, karmac. Bhakti yogai. devotion to Krishna (personal