Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Contempory JudaismII. Jews, Jewish, and JudaismIII. 4 Major Historical PeriodsIV. Where: The Land of IsraelV. When: Early Biblical PeriodVI. Important FactsVII. What Did the Israelites Believe?VIII. The Hebrew Bible= TaNaKHIX. The Torah 1 (Genesis) Complied 6th c. BCEX. The Torah 11 (Genesis)XI. The Torah III (Exodus)XII. The Torah IV (Leviticus)XIII. The Torah V (Numbers)XIV. The Torah VIXV. Prophets or Nevi’imXVI.Prophets IIXVII. Prophets IIIXVIII. Sacred Writings of Ketuvim (tanaKh)PHIL 110 1st’EditionXIX.Conception of YHWH (Israel God)XX. Biblical God as a PersonXXI.Final PointOutline of Current Lecture XXII. Biblical Judaism: HighlightsXXIII. Ancient JudaismXXIV. History of Second Temple JudaismXXV. Second Temple Judaism IIXXVI. Rabbinic JudaismXXVII. History of Rabbinic JudaismXXVIII. 4 Primary Texts of Rabbinic Judaism XXIX. Rabbinic Judaism: Moment of CrisisXXX. Rabbis and TorahXXXI. God and TorahXXXII. Rabbinic AuthorityXXXIII. Rabbinic Judaism: PrayerCurrent LectureXXXIV. Biblical Judaism: Highlightsa. TaNaKH= Jewish Scripturesb. YHWH (adonai)/ELOHIM - Names of GOdc. BRIT- Covenant (“Choseness:)d. Abraham, Isaac, Jacob (=Israel), and Mosese. Exodus from Egpytf. Divine Revelation of Mitzvoth at Mount Sinaig. Mitzvoth- Commandments from Godh. 3 Pilgrimage Holidays: Passover, Shavuot, Sukkoti. Passover-when the Israelites were freed from slavery in egyptii. Shavuot- Divine revelation of Mitzvoth at Mount Sinai1. 7 weeks after Isaraelites freedom (from Passover)iii. Sukkot- When the Israelites lived in hutsi. King David (Jerusalem) and Solomon (Temple)j. Authority Figures= King, (High) Priest, and ProphetXXXV. Important to Rememberh. In Judaism, Stories about god’s special relationship to the people of Israel play a central rolei. Important of History/Ancient Narrativesii. Example 1: The Israelites must follow God because he took them out of Egyptiii. Example 2: God will never et the Israelites perish because of the promise he made to Abrahamj. Biblical God is known through revelation in history and through relationship with humanityXXXVI. Anicent Judaismh. Second Temple Judaism (516 BCE-70 CE)ii. outside of biblical books, no sacred Jewish texts in this period (mostly preserved by christians)i. Rabbinic Judaism (70 CE-638 CE)XXXVII. History of Second Temple Judaismh. 516 BCE - Building of Second Temple under Persian Empire (Not all Jews returned to Israel = Purim)i. No Jewish Sovereignty Over Landj. No Jewish Kingsk. Around 450 BCE- No Jewish Prophecy/Prophetsl. Remaining Authority Figure = High Priestsii. Together with Jewish Justices on Sanhedrinm. Around 450 BCE: Story of Hebrew Bible Endsn. Jews start to publicly read the “Torah”XXXVIII. Secon Temple of Judaism IIh. Alexander the Great Conquers Israel - 322 BCEi. Hasmonean Revolt (166 BCE) -- Independent Jewish State 80 Years --Holiday of Hanukkah -- 8 daysii. Tribe of Jews that prevailed against the Greeks took back their temple and purified itiii. achieved religious freedom and establish soveiregnty over their landj. Pharisees and Saducessk. Birth of Jesus (0)- Jesus Movementl. 70 CE - Romans Destroy the Second TempleXXXIX. Rabbinic Judaismh. begins after the destruction of the second templeXL. History of the Rabbinic Judaismh. Destruction of Second Temple (70 CE)ii. Canonization of TaNaKH is Sealed (90 CE)i. Failure of Bar Kochba Revolt (132 CE)j. Roman Emperor Hadrian Renames Judea “Palestine”k. Jews Barred from entering Jerusaleml. Jews move to Northern Israel (Galilee)m. 4th c. Christianization of Empire (Byzantium)n. St. Augustine’s “Tolerance” - Jews as “Witnesses”o. End of Rabbinic Period: Moslem Conquest of Babylonia (637) and Palestine (638)XLI. 4 Primary Texts of Rabbinic Judaism (“Citation Literature”)h. Mishnah (200 CE) - First Post Biblical Sacred texts for Jewsii. contains “oral law” - 2 Torahs (Edited by Judah the Prince)i. 2 Talmuds-commentaries to Mishnahii. Palestinian (500 CE)iii. Babylonian (600 CE) - Privilegedj. Midrash - commentaries to the Hebrew Bible (Most based on the SyanagogueSermons)XLII. Rabbinic Judaism: Moment of Crisish. Can Judaism Survive iwthout a Temple? In Exile?ii. Who will emerge as the new source of authority? Leadership?iii. Where will Jews encounter God?iv. What New institutions will emerge?v. How will the atonement be achieved?vi. How will temple-based rituals be observed1. Existential crisis: YHWH Abandoned us?XLIII. Rabbis and Torahh. Rabbis (“masters”) replace priests as key authority figuresii. NOT Hereditary (all tribes)!!i. Rabbis are scholars of the Hebrew Bible and It’s interpretationj. Where is God Found?ii. In the Words of the Torah (Text)k. GOD AS AUTHOR OF TORAHl. **Study of Torah Itself= Primary Act of Worship**m. Emergence of Academies for the Study of Torah ii. “Yeshivah” or “Beit Midrash”XLIV. God and Torahh. When Studying Torah -- God Appears (Shekinah)ii. Shekinah = Rabbinic Term for GodXLV. Rabbinic Authorityh. Will of God expressed through texts, not prophecy/revelationXLVI. Rabbinic Judaism- Prayerh. Emergence of Prayer (Tefillah) - Three Times a Dayi. Institution of the Synagogue (Beit Knesset=House of Gathering)j. In Synagogue, Shekhinah found (70 CE)k. **Prayer three times a day patterned after daily