BSC 109 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8- 12Lecture 8 What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?Support, protection, movement, blood cell formation, mineral storage (calcium and phosphate)What are the components of bones and their purpose (2 types of bone, 2 types of marrow)?Compact bone: shaft, ends, marrow of bone; Yellow bone marrow: fat marrow space; Spongy bone: lattice-like support lighter (spaces contain red bone marrow)What are the 3 types of cartilage/how do they differ from one another?Fibrocart: has a lot of fiber/strings; found in intervertebral disks; helps keep spine vertebrae from rubbing together; found in menisci of the knee and disks in the spine; Hyaline: instruction for laying down bones (when babies); covers/protects ends of long bones and joints; Elastic: movable/flexible, lightweight (as in ears)Lecture 9What are the differences between fast and slow twitch muscles?Slow: Contracts slowly, make ATP as needed, lots of mitochondria, lots of blood vessels, not a lot of glycogen, “red” muscle, endurance activities (jogging, swimming, biking)Fast: Contracts quickly, rapidly produce ATP, few mitochondria, lots of glycogen, “white” muscle,anaerobic metabolism, brief high intensity activities (sprinting, weights, tennis)What are the ways ATP is replenished after muscle contraction/relaxation?Creatine phosphate, Stored glycogen, Aerobic metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and other high-energy moleculesLecture 10What are the 3 main functions of blood and what are the main components?3 primary functions: Transportation, Regulation, Defense. Plasma makes up 55% of whole blood, Water, Electrolytes, Proteins, Hormones, Gases, Nutrients and wastesDescribe the differences between granular and agranular leukocytes.Granular leukocytes: Neutrophils: most abundant; engulf foreign cells, Eosinophils: defend the body against large parasites; surround/release digestive enzymes to destroy it; help ease allergicreactions, Basophils: lowest number; contain histamine which initiates the inflammatory response; repairs tissue damageAgranular leukocytes: Contains granules that are not visible with staining, Monocytes: largest, can stimulate lymphocytes to defend the body, dead cellular debris, Lymphocytes: targets 2 types of HIV: B-cells (produce antibodies) and T-cells (targets specific threats during infectionsWhat is the process of hemostasis?1. Vascular spasm: reduces blood flow2. Platelet plug formation: sealing of the ruptured blood vessel; if this seal cannot stop blood loss, clotting occurs3. Coagulation: blood changed from a liquid to a gelLecture 11Which blood type is considered the universal “donor”? Universal “recipient”? Why?Type O considered “universal donor,” ABO blood typing is based on A and B antigens, not O.Individual with AB blood can receive A, B, AB, or O, no antibodies against blood types.What are the different types of anemia?Iron deficiency anemia, Hemorrhagic anemia: caused by blood loss, Pernicious anemia: caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency, which is necessary for normal RBC production, Hemolytic anemia: caused by destruction of RBCs (common in sickle cell disease), Anemia due to renal failure: results from inadequate erythropoietin secretionWhat are the components of arteries?Innermost layer: endothelium of squamous epithelial cells, Middle layer: smooth muscle, Outer layer: connective tissue.Lecture 12What is the structure and function of the lymphatic system?Function: maintains blood volumeStructure: blind-ended capillaries; lymphatic vessels (similar to venous system); lymph: derived from interstitial fluidWhat are the components of the heart?Pericardium: fluid-filled fibrous sac surrounding the heart, Epicardium: thin layer of epithelial and connective tissue, Myocardium: thick layer of cardiac muscle; electrical signals flow directly from cell to cell; this is what contracts when the heart beats, Endocardium: thin layer of endothelial tissue; continuous with lining of blood vessels, 2 atria: upper chambers, 2 ventricles:lower chambers, 4 valves- prevent backflow: 2 atrioventricular valves, 2 semilunar valves: Pulmonary valve, Aortic