BSC 109 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (August 20)Name the 7 characteristics necessary to consider something “living.”Have a different molecular structure than nonliving things, require energy and raw materials, are composed of cells, maintain homeostasis, respond to external environment/stimulus, grow and reproduce, populations of living things evolve and change over time.Name the 4 kingdoms of eukarya and identify whether they are single cellular or multicellular. Then list the 10 classifications of living things (in order).Kingdom Protista, unicellular; kindom animalia, multicellular; kingdom fungi, multicellular; kingdom plantae, multicellular. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.List the biological structure of organization for living things from smallest to largest.Molecule, atom, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem,biosphere.What city did the 1854 cholera outbreak occur in and what was the name of the doctor who observed its probable origin?London, Dr. John SnowLecture 2 (August 25) Describe the characteristics and location of protons, neutrons, and electrons.Protons are positive and their presence/absence determines the charge of the element (found in the nucleus). Neutrons have no charge and they determine if the atom is an isotope (also found in the nucleus). Electrons have a negative charge and they participate in chemical reactions. They are found in the outer shell of the atom and determine chemical behavior.What is a compound and name two examples found in society that improve our health.A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Iodine in salt prevents goiter, and fluoride in water prevents cavities.List some key differences between covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.Covalent bonds are the strongest bonds and form as a result of atoms sharing (equally or unequally) their electrons. Result in each atom having a completely electron-filled outer shell.Ionic bonds are moderately strong and result from attractive forces between oppositely chargedions. Hydrogen bonds are the weakest of the bonds and form between oppositely charged regions of molecules that contain covalently bonded hydrogen atoms.Lecture 3 (August 25) Name the key properties of water.Excellent solvent, liquid at body temperature, absorbs and holds heat energy, evaporation uses up heat energy, necessary for several chemical reactions, less dense as ice.What are acids and bases and what classifies them as such on a pH scale?Acids donate hydrogen ions and increase hydrogen ion concentration in solutions. They have a pH less than 7. Bases accept hydrogen ions and decrease hydrogen ion concentration. They havea pH of greater than 7.Name and describe the two ways macromolecules are synthesized and broken down within the cell.Dehydration synthesis is a process that requires energy and removes the equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular units. Hydrolysis adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules and releases energy. Lecture 4 (September 3) Name the 3 types of lipids and their functions. Triglycerides provide energy storage molecules for the body, phospholipids provide cell membrane structure, and steroids are composed of 4 carbon rings and are naturally occurring inboth males and females. They are necessary for growth and development. What are the 4 structures of proteins and what do they look like (generally)?Primary structure is a sequence of amino acids and looks like beads on a string. Secondary structure is a chain of amino acids and can be an alpha helix, which looks like a fan, or an alpha helix, which looks like coils. Lecture 5 (September 8)What does the cell doctrine state?All living things are composed of cells, a single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life, and current cell division is the only source of new cells. What is the MAIN difference between passive transport, active transport, and bulk transport?A passive transport does not require energy. It involves the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient, using osmosis. An active transport requires energy and ATP. It involves he movement of molecules up a concentration gradient. Bulk transport is used to move larger molecules using endocytosis or exocytosis.Describe the function of each of the following organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, and mitochondria.The nucleus is the information center for the cell and contains DNA. Ribosomes are free floatingor attached to the rough E.R. and make proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures proteins in the rough E.R. and the smooth E.R. has no ribosomes and packages proteins and lipids for delivery to the golgi apparatus. The golgi sorts, stores, and ships for the cell and contains peroxisomes and lysosomes. The mitochondria provide energy for the cell makes ATP and is the site of cellular respiration.Lecture 6 (September 10)What are the differences between fat and glycogen as sources of energy?Fat contains triglycerides and provides long-term energy storage in animals. Glycogen acts as carbohydrate storage and acts as short-term energy storage in animals. It is stored in muscle and liver cells.What are the 4 stages of glucose energy production?Glycolysis, preparatory step, citric acid cycle, and electron transport system.What are the 4 types of tissues and what are their most basic functions in the body?Epithelial tissues are the outside covering of the body, including the skin and stomach lining. Connective tissue connects things in the body. Muscle tissue helps with movement. Nervous tissue is responsible for responses in the body and communication.What are the two cavities and the three planes in the body? What are the names of the positions and directions locations on the body?The two cavities are anterior and posterior. The three planes are the midsagittal, the frontal, and the transverse. The positions are anterior, posterior, proximal, distal, superior, and