BSC 109 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 2I. Nucleic AcidsChapter 3I. Cell DoctrineII. Cells are classified according to their internal organizationIII. MicroscopesIV. A plasma membrane surrounds the cellV. Molecules cross the plasma membrane in several waysVI. Isotonic extracellular fluid also maintains cell volumeVII. OrganellesOutline of Current Lecture Chapter 3I. Fat and glycogen: sources of energyII. The cytoskeleton supports the cellIII. Cilia and flagella are specialized for movementIV. Cells use and transform matter and energyV. Glucose provides cells with energyVI. Anaerobic pathways make energy without oxygenChapter 4I. Tissues: group of cells with common function, organ systems have all 4These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Epithelial tissuesIII. Cell junctions hold cells togetherIV. Connective tissueV. Muscle tissue contracts to produce movementVI. Nervous tissues transmit impulsesVII. Organs and organ systems perform complex functionsVIII. Body cavities/planes/positionsIX. The skin as an organ systemCurrent LectureChapter 3I. Fat and glycogen: sources of energyA. Fat1. Triglycerides2. Long-term energy storage in animalsB. Glycogen1. Carbohydrate storage2. Short-term energy storage in animals3. Stored in muscle and liver cellsII. The cytoskeleton supports the cellA. Microtubules: tiny hollow tubes of proteinB. Microfilaments: thin, solid fibers of proteinC. Framework for cell, maintains support and shapeIII. Cilia and flagella are specialized for movementA. Cilia: short, many, lines airways, back and forth movementsB. Flagella: long, single, swimming, whip-like movementsC. Centrioles: short, rod-like structures near nucleusIV. Cells use and transform matter and energyA. Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactionsB. Anabolism: larger molecules from smaller ones; requires ATPC. Catabolism: larger molecules broken down, produces ATPV. Glucose provides cells with energyA. Energy in glucose produces ATPB. 1 glucose yields 36 ATPC. ATP used for cellular workD. Glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide + water and ATP via cell respirationE. Cellular respiration: the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to yield ATPF. 4 stages1. Glycolysis2. Preparatory step3. Citric acid cycle (yields 2 ATP)4. Electron transport system yields 34 ATPVI. Anaerobic pathways make energy without oxygenA. Cellular respiration cannot continue without oxygenB. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs when there is a lack of oxygen1. Pyruvate will build up, creating lactic acid and a burning sensation (anaerobic)2. When oxygen is available, lactic acid metabolizes aerobicallyChapter 4I. Tissues: group of cells with common function, organ systems have all 4A. Epithelia: outside covering, skin, lines stomachB. Connective: connects things (literally)C. Muscle: movementD. Nervous: response, communicationII. Epithelial tissuesA. Sheets of tightly packed cellsB. Lines body cavities (digestive tract) and covers surfacesC. Protects against fluid loss, injury, infectionD. Glandular epithelia: secrete/absorb chemicals1. Exocrine glands: secrete into ducts of exterior body2. Endocrine glands: secrete into the blood to carry chemical messages throughout the bodyE. Classifications1. Number of layersa) Simple: one layer; diffusion across cellsb) Stratified: multiple tiers, protection2. Shapea) Cuboidalb) Columnarc) SquamousF. Basement membrane1. Non-cellular, directly below epithelial tissue2. Composed of proteins3. Structural support4. Attaches epithelial tissue to underlying tissuesIII. Cell junctions hold cells togetherA. Tight1. Seal plasma membranes2. Digestive tract/ bladder liningB. Adhesion junctions/ spot desmosomes1. Permit some movement between cells2. Allows tissues to stretch and blend3. SkinC. Gap junctions1. Protein channels enable movement of materials between cells2. Liver and heartIV. Connective tissueA. General functions: supports softer organs, connects parts of the body (tendons and ligaments), stores fat in adipose tissue, produces blood cellsB. Contains cells embedded in nonliving extracellular matrix, few living cellsC. Matrix provides strengthD. Fibrous: provides strength and elasticity1. Contains fibers and cells embedded in gel-like ground substance (matrix)2. Matrix: intracellular material giving the CT its characteristics- bones3. Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils4. Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticularE. Cartilage: produced by chondroblasts found in lacunae; no blood vessels; high collagen contentF. Bone: inorganic matrix with calcium salts for hardnessG. Blood: fluid matrix of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and plateletsH. Adipose tissue: fat cells, function in insulation, protection, energy storageV. Muscle tissue contracts to produce movementA. Skeletal muscle moves body parts, voluntary multinucleatedB. Cardiac muscle functions in the heart, involuntary, single nucleusC. Smooth muscle surrounds hollow structures, involuntary, single nucleusVI. Nervous tissues transmit impulsesA. Neuron: specialized nervous system cell1. Generates and transmits electrical impulses2. Cell body, dendrites, axonB. Glial cells1. Surround and protect neurons2. Provide nutrients to neuronsVII. Organs and organ systems perform complex functionsA. Organs contain 2 or more tissue types joined together; perform specific functionsB. Organ systems: groups of organs that perform a common function1. Digestive system2. Lymphatic systemVIII. Body cavities/planes/positionsA. Anterior cavity (front): thoracic and abdominalB. Posterior cavity (back): cranial and spinalC. Tissue membranes (serous membranes) line body cavities1. Serous: line and lubricate the internal body cavities and reduce friction between organs2. Mucous: lines airways, digestive tract, reproductive tract, lubricates surfaces, captures debris3. Synovial: lines spaces in movable joints4. Cutaneous: outer covering (skin)D. 3 body planes1. Midsagittal: divides the body left and right2. Frontal: divides body front and back3. Transverse: divides the body top and bottomE. Positions1. Anterior2. Posterior3. Proximal4. Distal5. Superior6. InferiorIX. The skin as an organ systemA. Integumentary systemB. Including skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glandsC. Functions1. Protects from dehydration2. Protects from injury3. Defense