BSC 109 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Urinary system contributes to homeostasisA. Excretion: processes that remove wastes and excess materials from the body to maintain homeostasisB. Urinary system (kidneys): excretes nitrogenous wastes, excess solutes, and waterC. The kidneys regulate water levelsD. The kidneys regulate nitrogenous wastes and other solutesII. Organs of the urinary systemA. KidneysB. Ureters: muscular tube that transports urine from kidneys to bladderC. Urinary bladderD. UrethraE. Nephrons produce urineF. The tubule filters fluid and reabsorbs substancesG. Special blood vessels supply the tubuleIII. Formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, and secretionA. Glomerular filtration: movement of protein-free solution of fluid and solutes from blood into the glomerular capsuleB. Tubular reabsorption: return of most of the fluid and solutes into the bloodC. Tubular secretion: addition of certain solutes from the blood into the tubuleIV. Producing dilute urine: excreting excess waterOutline of Current Lecture V. Producing concentrated urine: conserving waterVI. Urination depends on a reflexVII. Kidneys maintain homeostasisVIII. Disorders of the urinary systemChapter 16: Reproduction SystemI. The male reproductive system delivers spermII. Accessory glands help sperm surviveIII. Sperm production requires several cell divisionsIV. Testosterone affects male reproductive capacityV. The female reproductive system produces eggs and supports pregnancyVI. Mammary glands nourish the infantVII. Menstrual cycle consists of ovarian and uterine cyclesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.VIII. Human sexual response, intercourse, and fertilizationCurrent LectureIX. Producing concentrated urine: conserving waterA. Too little water can lead to lower blood volume, declining blood pressure, risk of dehydration of body cellsB. Kidneys respond by conserving water and producing a more concentrated urineX. Urination depends on a reflexA. Micturition reflex: neural reflex that enables emptying of the bladderB. Brain can override the micturition reflex and control the timing of urinationC. Voluntary control becomes increasingly difficult as the bladder gets very fullXI. Kidneys maintain homeostasisA. Secrete an enzyme involved in the control of blood volume and blood pressureB. Maintain acid-base balance and blood pHC. Regulate red blood cell production via erythropoietinD. Activate an inactive form of vitamin DXII. Disorders of the urinary systemA. Kidney stones: crystallized minerals that block urine flowB. Urinary tract infections1. Usually caused by bacteria2. More common in women than in men because of shorter urethra3. If untreated, bladder infections may ascend to involve kidneysC. Acute renal failure1. Short-term impairment, may be reversible2. Potential causes: sustained very low blood pressure, large kidney stones within renal pelvis, infections, transfusion reactions, severe injury, toxin exposure, drug reactionsD. Chronic renal failure1. Also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD)2. Long term, irreversible damage3. >60% reduction in functioning nephrons4. See causes of acute renal failure above5. 40% of people with Type 1 diabetes will develop renal failureE. Dialysis: attempts to duplicate function of healthy kidneys1. Cleanses the blood artificially2. Problems:a) Cannot achieve complete homeostasis of ions and wastesb) Dialysis does not replace renal hormonesF. CAPD: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis1. Can be done at home2. Uses peritoneal cavity for waste, ion removal3. Risk of infectionG. Hemodialysis1. Requires several visits/week to a dialysis center2. Blood is circulated through a kidney machineH. Kidney transplants 1. A permanent solution to renal failure2. Improvements in transplant protocols/ processes have improved outcomesa) Better tissue-matching techniquesb) Improved anti-rejection medicationsc) National data banksI. Urinary incontinence is a loss of bladder control1. More common in womena) Pregnancy and childbirthb) Hormonal changes after menopausec) Men: incontinence most often associated with enlarged prostate or prostate cancer2. Treatmentsa) Bladder training and various exercisesb) Management of fluid intakec) Medicationsd) SurgeryChapter 16: Reproduction SystemIX. The male reproductive system delivers spermA. Testes produce sperm1. Scrotum: sac of skin and smooth muscle that holds the testes; maintains testes at a slightly lower temperature2. Seminiferous tubules: within testes, produce spermB. Epididymis and ductus deferens: sperm become motile and are stored hereC. Ductus deferens: transports sperm to where it becomes the ejaculatory ductD. Route of sperm through male reproductive structures1. Seminiferous tubules2. Epididymis3. Ductus deferens4. Ejaculatory duct5. PenisX. Accessory glands help sperm surviveA. Semen: mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory glandsB. Seminal vesicles: secrete fructose (provides source of energy for sperm) and most of seminal fluidC. Prostate gland: secretes watery alkaline fluid to raise vaginal pHD. Bulbourethral gland: secretes lubricating mucus, cleanses urethraXI. Sperm production requires several cell divisionsA. Mitosis and meiosis in seminiferous tubules produce spermB. Cell divisions produce a large number of sperm with half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells (haploid)C. Sperm (and eggs) are referred to as gametes and are haploidD. Sertoli cells provide support, nourishmentXII. Testosterone affects male reproductive capacityA. Steroid hormone produced by interstitial cells in testes (between seminiferous tubules)B. Function:1. Controls growth and function of male reproductive tissues2. Stimulates aggression and sexual behavior3. Controls development of secondary sexual characteristics4. Determines rate of sperm formationXIII. The female reproductive system produces eggs and supports pregnancyA. Ovaries release oocytes (immature eggs) and secrete the hormones estrogen andprogesteroneB. Oviduct (fallopian tube) leads from the ovary to the uterus and fertilization occurs in the upper third of the oviductC. Uterus: the hollow, pear-shaped organ where fertilized egg grows and developsD. Layers1. Endometrium: supports fertilized egg, part of it sloughs off during menstrual flow2. Myometrium: smooth muscle, expands during pregnancy, constricts during labor3.