BSC 109 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture III. Lymphatic system helps maintain blood volumeIV. Veins return blood to the heartV. The heart is mostly muscleVI. The heart has four chambers and four valvesVII. The pulmonary circuit provides for gas exchangeVIII. The systemic circuit serves the rest of the bodyIX. The cardiac cycle: the heart contracts and relaxesX. Heart sounds reflect closing heart valvesXI. Cardiac conduction system coordinates contractionXII. Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) XIII. Blood exerts pressure against vessel wallsXIV. Hypertension: high blood pressure can be dangerousOutline of Current Lecture XV. Hypotension: when blood pressure is too lowXVI. Cardiovascular disordersXVII. Replacing a failing heartCHAPTER 9I Overview of the body’s defense mechanismsII Pathogens cause diseaseIII Bacteria: single-celled living organismsIV Viruses: tiny infectious agentsV Prions: infectious proteinsCurrent LectureXVIII. Hypotension: when blood pressure is too lowA. Low blood pressureB. If low enough, may cause dizziness or faintingXIX. Cardiovascular disordersA. Umbrella term that refers to disorders that affect the heart or cardiovascular systemB. Number one killer in the USC. Angina: sensation of pain and tightness in the chestThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Caused by narrowing of coronary arteries and diminished blood flow to coronary muscle2. Shortness of breath/choking or suffocating sensation3. Balloon angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafD. Heart attack (myocardial infarction)1. Sudden death of an area of myocardium due to lack of blood to heart2. Treatment: control of arrhythmias, clot-dissolving medications, coronary artery bypass graf3. Damage caused by heart attack is permanent because the body cannot reproduce cardiac muscleE. Heart failure: weakness of heart causes fluid back-up in interstitial spacesF. Embolism: sudden blockage of a blood vessel by material floating in the bloodstream1. Ofen a blood clot broken away from a larger clot elsewhere2. Pulmonary embolism- chest pain, shortness of breath3. Cerebral embolism- may cause a stroke (brain)4. Cardiac embolism- may cause heart attackG. Stroke1. Impairment of blood flow to a part of the brain that results in sudden death of brain cells2. Typically the result of brain embolism or arterial rupture (aneurysm)3. Most common brain injury4. FAST: face, arms, speech, timeXX. Replacing a failing heartA. Temporary solution to shortage of transplant organs: artificial heart, xenotransplantB. Reduce risk of cardiovascular disorders1. Quit smoking2. Don’t smoke while on birth control3. Lower cholesterol levels4. Exercise5. Reduce stress6. Manage existing health conditionsCHAPTER 9VI Overview of the body’s defense mechanismsA. Barriers to entry of pathogens (skin, stomach acid, tears, vomiting)B. Nonspecific defense mechanisms (phagocytosis, inflammation)C. Specific defense mechanisms: immune response enables body to recognize and remove specific bacteria, other foreign cells, viruses (antibodies, T cells)VII Pathogens cause diseaseA. Bacteria: unicellular prokaryotesB. Fungi: unicellular and multicellular eukaryotesC. Prions: nonliving infectious “particles”VIII Bacteria: single-celled living organismsA. ProkaryoticB. Use a variety of resources for growth and reproductionC. Pneumonia (lungs), tonsillitis, tuberculosis (strains that are multi-drug resistant, don’t respond to antibiotics), botulism (food poisoning), lyme disease (tics)D. Most bacterial infections can be treated with antibioticsIX Viruses: tiny infectious agentsA. Extremely small, much smaller than bacteriaB. CANNOT be treated with antibioticsX Prions: infectious proteinsA. Mad cow diseaseB. Resistant to cooking, freezing, dryingC. Bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE, “mad cow disease”)D. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
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